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Steric hindrance
Activity
The binding role of amino groups
a. Variation of substituents,
b. Extension of the structure,
c. Chain extensions/contractions ring,
d. Expansions/contractions ring,
e. Variations ring,
f. Variations isosteres,
g. Simplification of the structure,
h. Rigidification of the structure.
a. Variation of substituents
• The aim: to fine tune the molecule and to optimize its activity.
• Biological activity depend on how well the compound interacts
with its receptor, also on a whole range of physical features
such as basicity, lipophilicity, electronic distribution, and size.
• The idea of varying substituents is to attach a series of
substituents such that these physical features are varied one
by one is rarely possible to change one physical feature
without affecting another.
• For example, replacing a methyl group on a nitrogen with an
ethyl group could affect the basicity of the nitrogen atom, but
the size of the molecule is also increased changes might
have an effect on the activity of a drug.
Alkyl substituents
Propanolol
R - COO-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3
R
────
CH3 Acetylcholine : short acting muskarinic
NH2 Carbamylcholine : long acting muskarinic
g. Simplification of the structure
Keterangan :
a. Ikatan van der Waal's atau ikatan hidrofob
b. Ikatan dipol-dipol
c. Ikatan ion (elektrostatik)
2 D model Morphine
3 D model
Natural
The Structure of Morphine
CH3
N Gugus N tersier
16 Cincin piperidin
10 9
1 11 15 8
14 Alisiklik tidak jenuh
Cincin aromatik 7
2 Atom C 13 kuarterner
12 13
(tidak mengikat atom H)
6
3 4 5
O
HO OH Gugus hidroksi alkohol
Petidin Metadon
Constipans Od
-
+ C
d CH2 CH3
CH3
N CH2 CH2 C C :N
H H
CH3
H5C2OOC O C C C
N(CH3)2 H CH3
Loperamid
Bentuk aktif Metadon
Structure Modification of Morphine
10 9
1-Cl/Br 1 11 15 8
2-NH 2 14
CH 2CH 2
2 7
12 13
6 CH 3
3 4 5
HO O
OH
OCH 3; OC 2H5; OCOCH 3 OCH 3; OC 2H5; OCOCH 3; =O
Aktivitas
Gugus Modifikasi Nama obat
analgesik
Morfin 100