AMAN ULLAH

ROLL NO O1
PRESENTATION TOPIC
TIGHT RESERVIOR AND
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
 TIGHT RESERVOIR
Tight reservoir are generally
define as a reservoir having less than 0.1
milli Darcy (mD) matrix permeability and
less than ten percent matrix porosity.

 Production rates from tight reservoirs are

marginal , but these reservoir account for
a large percentage of the long term
supply of oil and gas.
 TYPES OF TIGHT RESERVIOUR
TIGHT GAS RESERVIOUR
Tight gas is a natural gas produced
from reservoir rocks with such low
permeability that massive hydraulic
fracturing is necessary to produce well
at economic rates.
Tight gas is considered as
unconventional source of natural gas.
 TIGHT CAS POTENIAL IN Pakistan..
following are five possible candidates for
Tight gas resource in Pakistan.
1) lower guru tight sands

2) sembar sands and siltstones

3) sui upper limestone

4) habib rahi limestone

5) pirkoh limestone
 TIGHT OIL RESERVIOUR
tight oil is the oil that is found within
the reservoir within very low permeability
And the reservoir in which tight oil is
present is called tight oil reservoir.
 DIFFERENCE B/W TIGHT GAS AND SHALE
GAS
 The tight gas is dispersed within low
porosity silt and sand areas.
 In the U.S tight gas is defined as having
less than 10 per cent porosity and less
than 0.1 millI darcy permeability.
 Shale gas is a description of
natural gas locked inside tiny pockets
within layered sedimentary rocks,
such as shales.
 Both these forms of natural gas are
extracted in a similar manner, because of
the low permeability of the rock, hydraulic
fracturing is applied. This increases the
permeability because you induce fractures
where the gas can flow. Still, even
though the permeability of the rocks
increases, the porosity remains the
same. Because of the low permeability,
new technology and knowledge is needed
to extract the gas in an efficient way.
HYDRALUIC

FRACTURING
 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
hydraulic
fracturing is a well stimulation technique in
which rock is fractured by a pressurized
liquid.
 this process involves the high pressure
injection of franking fluid into a wellbore
to create cracks in the deep rock
formations through which natural gas ,
petroleum can easily move.
 Hydraulic Fracturing Processes
Drill the well
o Some only vertical
o Some have horizontal lateral
Case and Cement possible hazard areas
o Pressure zones
o Ground Water Areas
Perforate casing and cementing with
Perforating Gun
Begins fracture process in rock formation
 Pump fracturing fluid down hole
High pressured fluid extend fractures

Production

CASING AND
CEMENTING
1. Casing and cementing a wellbore
is used to:
oProtectgroundwater from contamination
oKeep integrity of well-bore
2. Casing is steel pipe that is
designed to handle:
oover- or under-pressured zones and
ohigh tensile stresses down hole
3. Casing is cemented in place to
safely deliver hydrocarbons to the
surface
Perforating the Formation
•Perforated using a “perf gun”
oPerforating guns use explosive charges
to fracture:

Casing

Cementing

Formation
 Fracturing Fluid…
 98-99.5% Water and Sand
The other 0.5-2%:
oAdditives that enhance fracturing

oMany additives are used to protect

casing, cementing, and well integrity

3-7 million gallons of fluid used in

typical horizontal well
 Chemical Additives
• Common Additives include:
oAcids, Biocides, Gelling Agents, pH
Adjusting Agents, Corrosion Inhibitors,
Iron Control, Clay Stabilizer, Acid
Inhibitor

oOtheradditives could be used

depending on well characteristics