 The angle between the plane of rotation of

rotor blade and chord line is called pitch

angle.
Angle of attack :-
The angle between the chord line and
relative airflow is called angle of attack.
 Flapping hinge

 Lead-lag/Dragging hinge

 Feathering hinge
 Flapping hinge allows the up-down movement
of rotor blades.

 They are horizontal hinges.

 Dragginghinge / lead-lag hinge provides back
& forth movement of the rotor blades.
 Feathering
hinge provides the twisting
movement of the rotor blades.

 It
allows the rotor blades to change its pitch
angle.
 Rigid Rotor System

 Semi Rigid Rotor System

 Fully
Articulated Rotor
System
 In this type of system only
feathering is present that means
blade can change its pitch angle
only.

 It is mechanically simple but

structurally complex.
 This system allows two different
movement i.e. flapping and
feathering
 The blades are attached two
teetering hinge that allows
blade to see-saw or flap together.
1) It consist of all three hinges that are
flapping hinge, feathering hinge and
dragging hinge.
2) The blades are allowed to flap, feather,
& lead or lag independently .
 It is a quality of an helicopter to land
safely in case of in flight shut down.
 All helicopter must have this quality in
order to be certified.
 During autorotation airflow is different
from the normal powered flight i.e.
from down to up.
 During hovering flight, a helicopter
tends to move in same direction as
antitorque rotor thrust.
 This tendency is called translating
tendency or drift.
 During hovering near ground a phenomenon
known as ground effect takes place.
 This usually occurs less than one rotor
diameter.
 Ground effect restricts the formation of wing
tip vortices.
 It is a resultant action or deflection of a
spinning rotor when a force is applied on
it.
 This action occurs approximately at 90
degree in the direction rotation.
 When helicopter move through the air the
relative wind encountered by the advancing
blade is more while on the retreating blade is
less.
 As a result of the relative wind speed
advancing blade produces more lift than
retreating blade.
 To overcome this the blade flaps an feather
automatically.
 It is an aerodynamic phenomenon that can
cause a helicopter to self destruct in a
matter of seconds.
 It occurs when the vibration present in
helicopter meet with the vibration formed
while landing.
 GEOMETRIC IMBALANCE OF THE
ROTOR BLADE.
 INSUFFICIENT OLEO STRUT
PRESSURE.
 FAULTY DRAG DAMPERS.