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HEMOGLOBIN
HEME GLOBIN
GEN globin
(DNA)
THALASSEMIAS: Genetic diseases
Defects of Hb synthesis
heme
HbA (22) 98%
Thalassemia-: -globin chain synthesis or ()
HbA2 (22) ~ 2.5%
Thalassemia-: -globin chain synthesis or () HbF (22) <1%
Perkembangan Globin
Thalassemia
Presipitasi
Pembawa Pembawa
Pembawa Tidak gen gen
gen membawa gen thalassemia thalassemia
thalassemia thalassemia
(normal)
r R R R r R r R
r R R R r R R R r r r R r R R R
Pewarisan Gen Thalassemia (2)
Satu orang tua penderita Kedua orang tua penderita
Menderita Menderita
Menderita Tidak membawa
thalassemia thalassemia
thalassemia gen thalassemia
homozigot homozigot
homozigot (Normal)
r r R R r r r
r R r R r R r R r r r r r r r r
Thalassemia β
• Hasil mutasi tidak kurang dari 200 rantai
globin β baik berupa hilangnya rantai β atau
berkurangnya rantai β.
• Keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan
ketidakseimbangan rantai globin rantai
alpha berlebih kerusakan sel darah merah
pada sumsum tulang dan perifer
Phenotypes of -thalassemia carriers
(trait/minor/heterozygote/pembawa sifat)
E
PE : normal N/mild anemia normal
MCV : 80-102fL <80 <80 (could >80
HbA2 : 2.5-3.5% >3.5 (4-6) 25-35 (HbA2+HbE)
HbF : <1% N or slightly N or slightly
Phenotypes of -thalassemia (affected)
HOMOZYGOTE o HOMOZYGOTE +
HbE/HbE HbE/ o or +
E
E
Normal -thalassemia
Genotype: / --/
/ -/- -/
PE : normal N/mild anemia Normal
MCH : 26-32 pg < 25 pg 25-27pg
HbA2 : 2.5-3.5% normal or low normal or low
HbF : <1% low or absent low or absent
Phenotypes of -thalassaemia (affected)
Normal -thalassemia
4=HbBart 4=HbH
Adult Fetus • IUFD 28-32 weeks • HbH disease
• Hydrops fetalis • mild to severe anemia
Hydrops fetalis
DIAGNOSIS THALASSEMIA
anamnesis
• CBC
Px • Darah tepi
• Analisis Hb: Hb elektroforesis, kadar HbA2, HbF
laboratorium • Status cadangan besi: SI, TIBC
Gambaran Darah Tepi
Elektroforesis Hemoglobin
• Kadar HbF thalassemia bervariasi dari yang
rendah 10% sd 90%
• Thalassemia minor Kenaikan HbF ringan : 2-
6% ; HbA2 naik 3-7%
• Thalassemia mayor kadar HbF meningkat
menjadi 30-50%
Hb Elektroforesis
Tipe Hb Nilai normal Thalassemia Thalassemia Thalassemia
• Analisis mutasi
Polymerase chain
reaction-restriction
fragment length
polymorphisme (PCR-
RFLP) dan Amplification
Mutation Refractory
System (AMRS)
Manajemen Thalassemia
Transfusi
Terapi Kelasi
Splenektomi
Dukungan Psikososial
Transfusi
• Pengobatan suportif utama untuk menanggulangi
anemia pada thalassemia
• Pemberian sel darah merah : high transfusion
scheme dan low transfusion scheme
• Kadar hemoglobin pasien thalassemia umumnya
turun 1g/dl tiap minggu
Preventif
Promotif
Kualitas hidup
meningkat
Terima Kasih