FOOTING

Introduction
 Footing are structural elements that transmit to the soil
column loads, wall loads or lateral loads. If these loads are to
be properly transmitted, footing must be designed to prevent
excessive settlement or rotation and to minimize differential
settlement.
 To limit settlement within tolerably small amount, it is
necessary.
i. To transmit the load of the structure to a soil stratum of
sufficient strength and
ii. To spread the load over a sufficiently large area of that
stratum to minimize bearing pressure.
 Introduction
 If adequate soil is not found immediately below the
structure, if becomes necessary to use deep foundations such
as piles to transmit the load to deeper, firmer layers.

 If satisfactory soil directly underlies the structure, it is merely

necessary to spread load by footings. Such substructure are
known as “spread foundation.”
Type of Spread Footing
i. Wall Footing
 A wall footing is simply
a strip of reinforced or
plain concrete, wider than
the wall that distributes its
pressure.

ii. Isolated spread footing under

single column
 These may be usually square,
sometimes rectangular or occasionally
circular in plan.
Type of Spread Footing iii. Combined Footing
 Supporting two
or more column
loads. These may
be continuous
with a rectangular
or trapezoidal
plan or isolated
column footing
joined by a beam
which is referred
to as strap
footing.
Type of Spread Footing
iii. Mat or Raft Foundation
 Which is one large continuous footing supporting all
columns of the structure. This is used when the soil is poor.
Load, bearing Pressures & Footing Size

When the soil is When the soil is

coarse grained clayey or fine
grained
DL qult
A req  qa 
qa 2 .5  3
 Load, bearing Pressures & Footing Size
 D and L=loads (service) at the level of base of base of footing
M
 Eccentric load e  but e does not exceed the kern distance.
P

P MC
qmax  
min A I
 Load, bearing Pressures & Footing Size
 D and L=loads (service) at the level of base of base of footing
 If eccentricity falls outside the kern distance

qmax  qa

1
P   3m  qmax  b
2
2P
qmax 
3mb
Design of “Plain Concrete” Wall Footing
Problem
 Design a wall footing of plain concrete to carry 20 k/ft dead
load including the wall weight and 8 k/ft live load. Use
fc’=3000, an allowable soil pressure of 6 k/ft. The bottom of the
footing is 4 ft below the final grade.
Solution
 W =20 + 8 = 28 k/ft
 Assume 24” thick footing

 24 

 Footing weight  (145)  290 lb / ft
2

 12 
 24 
 Soil Fill on footing  (100)  200 lb / ft
2

 12 
 qe = Effective soil pressure = 6000 – 490 = 5510 lb/ft2

28
 Width of footing required   5.08 ft say 5' - 3"
5.510
Solution
 Wu = (20) (1.2) + (8) (1.6) = 36.8 k/ft
36.8
 Net soil pressure under factored loads   7.009 ksf
 2.125 
5.25  1
Mu  (7.009)2.125  
 2 
 15.825 k / ft
(12)(22)3
Moment of Inertia   10648 in4
12
 2” bottom concrete is neglected
 ft  5 fc  = modulus of rupture and ø = 0.65
ftI (0.65)(5 3000 )(10648)
 Mn  h   22 
 (12000)
2  2 
 = 14.36 k.ft/ft < Mu
ftI
 Putting Mu  h
2
Solution bh3
(0.65)(5 3000 )
(15.825)(12000)  12
h
2
 h = 23.095”
 with poor concrete h = 25.095”
 Say total depth of footing = 26”
 Now revise with new thickness
 26 
  (145)  314.17 lb / ft 2
 Footing weight  12 
 22 
 Soil back filling   (100)  183.33 lb / ft 2
 12 
 qe  6000  (314.17  183.33)  5502.5 lb / ft 2
28
 Width of footing required   5.088 lb / ft
5.5025
 Say 5’ – 3”
 (12)( 24)3
I  13824 in4
12
ftI (0.65)(5 3000 )(13824)
Mn  
h 24
(12000)
2 2
 17.09 k.ft / ft So ok

Shear Check
Vc  2 fc b w d
 2 3000  12  22.5
 29577 lb

 øVc = (0.85) (29577)

 = 25140.45 lb
b  a 
 Vu  (qu )  d
 2  So V  (7.009)(1000) 5.25  1  24 
u
 2 12 
 876.125 lb so ok
Design of wall footing of reinforced concrete
Problem
 Design a Wall footing to support a 12” wide wall with a dead
load D = 20 k/ft and a live load L=15 k/ft. The bottom of footing
is 4’ below the final grade and the soil weighs 100 lb/ft3. The
allowable soil pressure qa is 4 k/ft2, fy = 40 ksi , fc’ = 4 ksi
Solution
Assume 12” thick footing
 12 
Footing weight   (150)  150 lb / ft2
 12 
 36 
Soil fill   (100)  300 lb / ft2
 12 
Total = 450 lb/ft2

 qe = qa -450 = 4000 – 450 = 3550 lb/ft2

Solution 35
Widh of footing   9.86 ft say 10 ft
3.550
(1.4)(20)  (1.7)(15)
Factored load reaction   5.35 k/ft 2
(10)(1)
b  a 
Vu  5.35   d
 2 
10  1 8.5 
 5.35   
 2 12 
 20.29 k
1
Vc  2 fc bd  2 4000  12  8.5 
1000
 12.9 k
Vc  10.97 k
Since Vc < Vu, so depth should be increased.
1
Let 20.29  2  0.85  4000  12  d 
1000
d  15.73 let  3.5
So d  19.23 Assume 20 thick footing
Solution
20 28
qe  4000   150  x 100
12 12
 3516.67 lb / ft 2
35
width required   9.95 say 10
3.51667
qu 
1.4 20   1.7 15 
 5.35 k / ft 2
101
 9 16.5 
Vu  5.35   
 2 12 
 16.72 k
Vc    2 fc bd
1
 0.85  2  4000  12  16.5 
1000
 21.29 k
Solution

Mu  5.35 
4 .5 
2
 54.17 k  ft
2
Mn Mu
Re quired Rn  
bd 2
bd 2


54.17 12000 
 221.1 psi
0.9 1216.5 2

fy 40,000
m   11.77
0.85fc 0.85  4000
1 2mR n 
  1  1  
m fy 
1  2  11.77  221.1
 1  1    0.00572
11.77  40,000 
200 200
min    0.005 or min  0.002 Therefore
fy 40,000
 Solution
A s  bd  0.005721216.5   1.133 in2
Use #9 @ 9 c / c A s  1.33 in2 

Development Length
 Length required for # 9 bars = 25” (Table A.11)
 Length available = (4.5) (12) – 3 = 51” So O.K

Longitudinal & Temp. Reinforcement

At least As = (0.002)(b)(h)
As =(0.002)(12)(20) = 0.48 in2
"
1
Use #5 @ 7 c/c (As = 0.49 in2)
2
 Design of Column Footing
Shear
 Two Shear conditions
i. One way or beam shear
ii. Two way or punching shear
i. Beam Shear
 At a distance d from face of column
 Similar as in beams and one-way slabs
 V d
Vc  1.9 fc  2500 u bd  3.5 fcbd
 Mu 
b = width of footing at a distance d from face of column
Mu = Moment of Vu about section xx
Vu = Total factored shear force on section xx
= qu times footing area outside that section
In footing design, the simpler and more conservative eq. is used
Vc  2 fcbd
ii. Punching Shear
ACI code stated that the critical section for two-way shear is
located at a distance d from the face of column
2

Part that tends to punch out

bo=Perimeter
=4(a+d)
ii. Punching Shear
 The ACI code give equation Vc  4 fcbo d (i) for nominal
punching shear on this perimeter.
 For columns of very elongated x-section
 4
Vc   2   fcbo d (ii)
 c 
Long side
Where c  of column
Short side
bo
Test show that Vc decreases as the ratio increases.
d
 According ACI code states that Vc in punching shear must
not be taken greater than
  sd 
Vc    2  fcbo d (iii)
 bo 
ii. Punching Shear
Where
αs = 40 for interior columns
αs = 30 for edge loading
αs = 20 for corner loading of a footing
Punching shear strength should be taken smallest of all three
equations.

a
c 
b
 Bearing-Load transfer for column to footing
At the base of the column,
the permitted design
bearing strength is
A2
Pn  (0.85fc )A 1  (0.85fc )A 1  2
A1
A1 is column cross-sectional
area
A2 is the area of the portion of the
supporting footing as defined in
Fig.
At least four dowels having area not
less that 0.005 times the x-
sectional area of the column and
the diameter of dowel should not
exceed the diameter of the
column bar by more than 0.15”.
 Development Length
 Dowel should have sufficient development length
0.02fy db
 For compression bars, that is, ld   0.0003fy db
fc
 The lapped length must be at least that required for a lap
splice in compression. i.e. the length of lap must not be less
than the usual development length in compression and must
not be less than 0.0005 fydb
 Where bars of different sizes are lap spliced, the splice length
should be the larger of the development length of larger bar or
the splice length of the smaller bar.
 Splice length for compression
 For bar with fy  60,000 psi 0.0005 f d
y b

 For bar with fy > 60,000 psi (0.0009fy-24)db

Not less than 12”
 For fc’ <3000 psi lap is increased by one third.
 Problem
Design a square column footing to carry a column dead load of
197 k and a live load of 160 k from a 16” squired tied column
containing # 11 bars as the principal column steal. The
allowable soil pressure is 4.5 k/ft2. Use fc’=3000 psi fy=40000
psi , 4’ below final grade.
Solution
 Assume 2’ thick column footing
 qe = 4500 – (2)(150) - (2)(100) = 4000 lb/ft2
197  160
 Required area   89.25 ft 2
4
 Let 9’ – 6” = 90.5 ft2
 Pu = (1.4) (197) + (1.7) (160) = 547.8 k
547.8
qu   6.07 k/ft 2
90.25
 Let depth required for punching shear d=20”
 one side of critical perimeter 16+20=36”=3’
Solution
 Vu = (qu) (Area)
=(6.07){(9.5)2-32} = 493.19 k
βc=1
1
Vc  4 fc bo d  4 3000  4  36  20 
1000
 630.98 k
Vc  0.85  630.98  536.3 k
 The other equations are checked and give larger value so
this value is valid and for this øVc
øVc > Vu
 Therefore no shear reinforcement is required.
Vu ( 493.19)(1000)
d 
4 fc b o (0.85)( 4)( 3000 )(4)(36)
 18.39
So d=20” is O.K. w.r.t two-way shear.
Solution
 For one-way shear
16
 9.5 
12
8.167 20
   2.42
2 12
Vu  6.07  2.42  9.5  139.55 k
According to ACI code
Vc  2 fc b w d
1
 2  3000  9.5  12   20 
1000
 249.76 k
Vc  0.85  249.76  212.3 k
Since øVc>Vu therefore no shear reinforcement is required
Vu 139.55  1000
d 
2 fc b w (0.85)(2)( 3000 )(9.5  12)
 13.15
Solution
Therefore depth d=20” is O.K. w.r.t. one-way shear.
Bending strength
 4.083  16 8.167
Mu  ( 6.07)( 4.083) (9.5) 9 .5  
 2  12 2
 480.66 k.ft  4.083 ft
Mu ( 480.66)(12000)
Re quired Rn  
bd 2
(0.85)(114)(20)2
 148.81 psi
1 2mR n  fy 40,000
 1  1  m 
m fy  0.85fc 0.85  3000
 15.69
1  2  15.69  148.81
 1  1 
15.69  40,000 
 0.00384
Re quired A s  bd  0.00384 114 20 
 8.76 in2
Solution
 Minimum As = (0.002)(114)(22) = 5.016 in2
 Use As = 8.76 in2
 Try 15 # 7 having As = 9 in2
 C = 0.85fc’ba = (0.85)(3)(9.5)(12)(a) = 290.7 a
 T = Asfy = (9)(40) = 360 k

 C=T
360
a  1.2384"
290.7
 a
Mn  0.9 A s fy  d  
 2
 1.2384  1
 0.9  9  40 20  
 2  12
 523.29 k.ft
Mn  Mu 480.66 k.ft 
 So use 15 # 7 bars each way
Solution
Bearing strength
øPn = ø(0.85fc’) Ag

= (0.7)(0.85 x 3000)(16)2
= 456960 lb = 456.96 k
Pu = 547.8 k
 øPn < Pu thus column load can not be transferred by
concrete bearing alone and dowels bars are required.
Excess Pu = 547.8 – 456.96 = 90.84 k
Excess Pu 90.84
Required As    3.25 in2
fy (0.7)( 40)
Excess Pu 90.84
More correctly Required As  
( fy  0.85fc ) (0.7)(40  0.85  3)
 3.47 in2
 Solution
Bearing strength
 Use 4 # 9 bars As = 4 in2 Min As=(0.005)(16)2=1.28 in2

 The # 9 dowels must be developed below and above the

junction of column and footing.
0.02fy db
Development length in compression  db 
fc
0.02  40,000  1.128

3000
 16.47
 If should not be less than ldb = 0.0003 fydb

=(0.0003)(40000)(1.128)=13.56”
and can not be less than 8”
 24” thick footing is adequate for straight dowels.
Solution
 If bends are provided in dowels then the available length is
 24-3.0(cover)-2x0.875(footing bars)-1.128(dowels)=
18.122” > 16.47”

 alternate solutions (i) thicker footing(ii) Larger number of

smaller bars(iii) pedestal
 Development length of main bars

 for # 7 bars from table ld = 18”

(9.5)(12)  16
 Available length   3" (cov er )
2
=46” > ld=18”
Solution
Design of Rectangular Footing
 Use in restricted locations
 Identical procedure for design, except that one-way shear
action and bending moment must be considered in both
principal directions.

 In short direction, larger % age of reinforcement in band

width
Re inf orcement in band width 2 Long side
 
Total re inf orcement in short direction   1 short side
 Rest of reinforcement should meet at least temperature
reinforcement requirement.
Problem
 Design a rectangular footing for an 18” square column with
a dead load of 185 k and a live load of 150 k. Make the
length of the long side equal to twice the width of the short
side. fc’=4000 psi , fy=40,000 psi, qa = 4000 lb/ft2. Assume
the base of the footing is 5ft below grade.

Solution
 Assume 24” thick footing d = 19.5”
24 36
qe  4000   150   100
2 12
 3400 lb / ft 2

 D + L = 185 + 150 = 335 k

335
Area Required   98.53 ft 2
3 .4
Solution
b=4 L=24.6
b=5 L=19.7  So Use 7’ x 14’ = 98 ft2
b=6 L=16.4
b=7 L=14.08
(1.4)(185)  (1.7)(150)
qu   5.25 k / ft2
98
One-Way Shear
12.5
b = 7’ = 84” 14  1.5   6.25
2
19.5
6.25   4.625
12

 Vu = (7) (4.625) (5.25) = 169.97 k

Solution
One-Way Shear
Vu 169.97 x 1000
d 
2 fc b 0.85  2  4000  84
 18.82 so O.K.
5.5 19.5
7  1.5   2.75 
b = 14’ = 168” 2 12
 1.125

Vu = (1.125)(14)(5.25)
= 82.69 k

Vu 82.69  1000
d 
2 fc b 0.85  2  4000  168
 4.58 so O.K.
 Solution
Two-Way Shear
bo = (4)(18 + 19.5) = 150”
  37.5  
2

Vu  14  7      5.25 18  19.5  37.5

  12  
 463.23 k
Vu 463.23  1000
d 
2 fc b 0.85  4  4000  150
 14.36 so O.K.
Steel in Long-Direction
 6.25 
Mu  (6.25)(7)(5.25)   717.77 k.ft
 2 
Mu 717.77  12000
Re quired Rn  
bd 2 0.9  84  (19.5)2
 299.63 psi
Solution
fy 40,000
m   11.765
0.85fc 0.85  4000
1 2mR n 
  1  1  
m fy 
1  2  11.765  299.63 
 1 1 
11.765  40,000 
 00.7854
A s  bd  0.007854  84  19.5
 12.87 in2
A s min .  0.002  84  22  3.696 in2
Use 13 #9 ( A s  13 in2 )
Dev. Length
Required for # 9 bars ld = 25”
Available = 6.25 x 12 = 75” – 3” = 72” O.K
Solution
Longitudinal Steel in Short Direction
 2.75 
Mu  (2.75)(14)(5.25) 
 2 
 277.922 k.ft
Mu 277.922  12000
Re quired Rn  
bd 0.9  14  12  19.2
2 2

 58 psi Now m  11.765

1 2mR n  1  2  11.765  58 
 1  1   1 1 
m fy  11.765  40,000 
 0.00146
A s  0.00146bd  0.00146  14  12  19.5
 4.79 in2
200 200
min    0.005
fy 40,000
Solution
Longitudinal Steel in Short Direction

A s min .  0.005  14  12  24  20.16 in2

Use 26#8 bars ( A s  20.54 in2 )

Re inf orcement in band width 2 2 2

  
Total re inf orcement  1 2 1 3

2
Use 26   17.3  18 bars in band width
3
Re st 26  18  8 bars
Solution
Dev. Length
 For # 8 bar ld = 20”
 Available (2.75)(12)-3=30” O.K

Bearing Strength
Pn  (0.85fc )A g
 1 
 0.7 0.85  4000 18 
2
 
 1000 
 771.12 k

 Pu = (1.4)(185) + (1.7)(150) = 514 k

 Since øPn > Pu therefore only four bars will be used as

dowels

 As(min) = (0.005)(18)2 = 1.62 in2

Solution
 Use 4 # 6 (As = 1.77 in2)
 Required Dev. Length = 9”
 Available is more than 9” O.K
Design of Combined Footing
 Design a rectangular combined footing for the two columns
shown in fig. qa = 6000 lb/ft2 .The bottom of footing is 6’
below grade. fc’ = 3000 psi fy = 60,000 psi
Solution

 Assume 3’ – 6” thickness h = 42” d=37.5”

 qe = 6000 – (3.5)(150) - (2.5)(100) = 5225 lb/ft2
170  130  250  200
A req   143.54 ft 2
5.225
Location of Resultant
 1.5   1.5 
(300)   ( 450 ) 12  
x  2   2   7.95
750
Length of footing = (7.95)(2) = 15.9’ Try 16’
143.54
The required width is   8.97 use 9’ width
16
 The net upward soil pressure
(1.4)(170  250)  (1.7)(130  200)
qu   7.98 k/ft 2
9  16
= 7.98 x 9= 71.82 k/ft
 Location of Resultant
Va = 0
Vb = -(306)(1.5)+(1.5)(71.82) = -351.27 k

Vc = - 351.27 + (71.82)(10.25) = 384.885 k

 Vd = 384.885 – (345)(2)+(71.82)(2) = -161.475 k
 Ve = -161.475 + (2.25)(71.82) = 0.12
 Vbc = -(x)(306)(1.5) + (71.82)(x)
 Vdc = -(x)(71.82) + (x-2.25)(345)
 x = 2.84
 Ma = 0
 1.5   1.5 
 Mb  (306)(105)   (1.5)(71.82)   263.45 k / ft
 2   2 
 1.5   6.39 
MF  (306)(105) 6.39    (71.82)(6.39)   1122.48 k / ft
 2   2 
 Solution  4.25 
Mc  (71.82)(4.25)   (345)(2)(1)  41.38 k / ft
 2 
 2.84  (2.84  2.25)2
MG  (71.82)(2.84)   (345)  229.59 k / ft
 2  2
 2.25 
MD  (71.82)(2.25)   181.79 k / ft
 2 
 Shear
 At a distance d to the left of the left face of the interior column.
 37.5 
Vu  384.885   (71.82)  160.45 k
 12 
 At a distance d from right of point B
37.5
Vu  351.27   71.82  126.83 k
12
 Now design shear strength
Vc  0.85  2  fcb  d
 0.85  2  3000  108  37.5
 377106.98 lb
 3771.1 k

 Therefore d = 37.5” is O.K

Solution
Punching Shear
 For exterior column
 37.5   37.5 
bo  21.5  
  2  
 2  12   12 
 2(3.0625)  5.125
 11.25 ft

Vu = column load – soil pressure within the perimeter

= 459-3.0625 x 2.125 x 7.98 = 333.75 k
 Design shear strength
Vc  (0.85)( 4 fc )bo d
 0.85 4 4000 11.25 1237.5 
 942767.45 lb
 942.76 k
Solution
Longitudinal Steel
Mu 1122.48  12000
Re quired Rn  
bd 2 (0.9)(9  12)(37.5)2
 98.544 psi
fy 60,000
m 
0.85fc 0.85  3000
 23.53

1 2mR n 
 1  1  
m fy 
1  2  23.53  98.544 
 1  1 
23.53  60,000 

 0.001675
200 200
min    0.0033
fy 60,000
Solution
Longitudinal Steel
 So min holds
 As = bd = 0.0033 x 9 x 12 x 37.5 = 13.365 in2

 Use 17 # 8 bars
0.04 A b fy 1.3  0.04  0.79  60,000
l d  1 .3 
fc 3000
 45
 Available length = 6.39 x 12 – 3 = 73.68 in So O.K
 For bottom bars ld = 34.62 in
 Available 2.84 ft 34.08 – 3 31.08”
 For hooked bars
1200db 1200  1
Re quired  d    21.9
fc 3000
Solution
Transverse Beams
d
 The ACI code recommends band width from the face
of the column 2
Interior Column
 d
 Width of beam  24  2   24  37.5  61.5
 2
690 x 1000
 Upward load /ft   76666.67 lb / ft
9
 3 .5 
Mu  76666.67 3.5  
 2 
 5635000 lb.in
Solution

 Transverse bars are placed on top of the longitudinal bars,

with actual d = 37.5 – 1 = 36.5”
 Minimum requirement of steel criteria holds
200
A
 s   61 . 5  36 .5  7 .48 in 2

fy
 Use 13 # 7 bars with As = 7.8 in2
Exterior Column
37.5
 Width of beam= 18   36.75"
2
 Minimum steel criteria holds
200
A
 s   35.75  36.5  4.47 in 2

fy
 Use 8 # 7 (As = 4.8 in2)
Solution

Development Length
 for # 7 bars in tension ld = 26” (Table)
 Available 61.5” So O.K
Bearing Strength
 Interior Columns
 øPn = ø(0.85fc’) A1 = (0.7)(0.85fc’)(24 x 24)
 = 1028160lb 1028.16 k
 Pu = 690 k < øPn So nominal dowels
 As = 0.005 x 24” x 24” = 2.88 in2
 Use 4 # 8 dowels (As = 3.14 in2) dev.length 22” So O.K
Solution
Bearing Strength
 Edge column

 øPu = (0.7)(0.85)(3000)(18 x 24) = 771120 lb = 771.12 k

 Pu = 459 k < øPn So use nominal dowels
 As = 0.005 x 18 x 24 = 2.16 in2
 Use 4 # 7 (As = 2.41 in2) dev.length = 19” O.K