Deflection: Virtual Work

Method; Beams and

Frames
Theory of Structure - I
Contents
 Method of Virtual Work:
 Beams
 Frames

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Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

• Vertical Displacement

Real load Virtual unit load

w x2
x1
C C
A B A B
Cv
x1 x2
rA 1 rB
RA RB

w x1 x2
M1 M2 m1 m2
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 v1 v2
rB
RA RB rA

L
m M
1   Cv   dx
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 • Slope

Real load Virtual unit couple

w x2
x1 1
C C
A B A B
C
x1 x2 rA rB
RA RB

w
M2 m2 x2
M1 m1
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 v1 v2
rB
RA RB rA

L
m M
1 C   dx
0
EI
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Example 8-18

The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

B C
A C
2a a

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 SOLUTION Displacement at C

•Virtual Moment m •Real Moment M

1 kN P
x1 x2 x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 3 P 3P
2 2 2 2
m M

x1
m 1   m2 = -x2 Px1
2 -a M1   M2 = -Px2
2 -Pa
L 2a a
m M 1 x1 Px1 1
(1kN )( C )   dx   ( )( )dx1   ( x2 )( Px2 )dx2
0
EI EI 0 2 2 EI 0
3 3
1 P x 2a
P x a
1 P 8a 3 P a3 Pa 3
 C  ( )( )( 1 )  ( )( 2 )  ( )( )( )  ( )( )  ,
EI 4 3 0
EI 3 0
EI 4 3 EI 3 EI
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 Slope at C

•Virtual Moment m •Real Moment M

x1 x2 P
1 kN•m x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 1 P 3P
2a 2a 2 2
m M

x1
m 1   Px1
2a -1 M1   M2 = -Px2
m 2  1 2 -Pa
L 2a a
mM 1 x1 Px1 1
(1kN  m)( C )    dx  0 2a 2 1 EI 0 (1)( Px2 )dx2
(  )(  ) dx 
0
EI EI
3 2
1 P x 2a
1 Px a
1 P 8a 3 1 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
 C  ( )( )( 1 )  ( )( 2 )  ( )( )( )  ( )( ) ( ),
EI 4a 3 0
EI 2 0
EI 4a 3 EI 2 6 EI
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Example 8-19

Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m

A B
5m

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 SOLUTION Vertical Displacement at B

•Virtual Moment m •Real Moment M

x
1 kN 3 kN/m
x

A B A B
5m 5m
3x
1 kN x
3x 2
-1x = m x   M 2
2

x
v V

L 5 5
m M 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 1 3x 4 5
234.375kN 2  m 3
(1kN )( B )   dx   ( x)( )dx    ( )
0
EI EI 0 2 EI 0 2 EI 8 0
EI

234.375kN  m3
B  = 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,
kN
(200  106 )(250  10 6 m 4 )
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 SOLUTION Slope at B

•Virtual Moment m •Real Moment M

x
3 kN/m
x 1 kN•m

A B A B
5m 5m
3x
x
3x 2
-1 = m x 1 kN•m   M 2
2

x
v V

L 5 5
m M 1 3x 2 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 5
62.5kN 2  m 3
(1kN  m)( B )   dx   (1)( ) dx    ( )
0
EI EI 0 2 EI 0 2 EI 6 0
EI

62.5kN  m 2
B  = 0.00125 rad,
kN
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Example 8-20

Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

14 kN•m 5 kN
A C D
B
2m 2m 3m

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 •Virtual Moment m Displacement at B
1 kN •Real Moment M
x1 x2 x3

A 14 kN•m x 5 kN
B C D 1 x2 x3
0.5 kN 0.5 kN C
2m 2m 3m A
B D
1 kN 6 kN
2m 2m 3m
m1  0.5 x1 1 m 2  0.5 x2
m
14 M1 = 14 - x1
L M2 = 6x2
m M m
(1kN )( B )   dx
0
EI 2 2 3
1 1

EI 0 (0.5 x1 )(14  x1 )dx1  
EI 0
(0.5 x2 )(6 x2 ) dx2   (0)(0) dx3
0

2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2 1 3 x2 2

 
2 2
 ( 7 x1  0. 5 x1 ) dx1  (3 x 2 ) dx 2  ( )(  )  ( )( )
EI 0 EI 0 EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0

20.667 20.667 = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,

B  
EI (200)(60)
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 •Virtual Moment m Slope at B
x1 x2 x3
•Real Moment M
A 14 kN•m x 5 kN
B C D 1 x2 x3
0.25 kN 1 kN•m 0.25 kN C
2m 2m 3m A
B D
m1 = 0.25x1 1 kN 6 kN
2m 2m 3m
m 0.5

14 M1 = 14 - x1
m2 = -0.25x2
-0.5 M2 = 6x2
m

L 2 2 3
mM 1 1
(1kN  m)( B )    dx   ( 0 . 25 x1 ) (14  x 1 ) dx 1   ( 0.25 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2   (0)(0)dx3
0
EI EI 0
EI 0 0
2 2
1 1
EI 0 EI 0
2 2
 (3. 5 x1  0. 25 x 1 ) dx 1  (  1 . 5 x 2 ) dx2

2 3 3
1 3.5 x1 0.25 x1 2 1 1.5 x2 2
 (  )0 ( )0
EI 2 3 EI 3
2.333 2.333
Department of Civil Engineering  B   = 0.000194 rad 13
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Example 8-21

(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the
frame. (b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

5m
B C 4 kN

EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m

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 •Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment m
5m x2
B C 4 kN C 1
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1.2 x2
12 kN 1.2 kN
2 kN/m
6m
x1 M1= 16 x1- x1 2 x1 m1 = x 1

16 kN 1 kN
A A
12 kN 1.2 kN

L 6 5
mM 1 1
(1kN )( CH )    
2
dx  ( x1 ) (16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2
0
EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0
6 5
1 1
 
2 3 2
 (16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (14. 4 x 2 )dx2
1.5EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 552 600 1152
 CH  (  )0 ( )0    = + 28.8 mm ,
1.5 EI 3 4 EI 3 EI EI (200)(200)
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 •Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment m
5m x2 1 kN•m
B C 4 kN C
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1-x2/5
12 kN
2 kN/m 1/5 kN
6m
x1 M1= 16 x1- x1 2 x1 m1= 0

16 kN 0
A A
12 kN 1/5 kN
L 6 5
mM 1 1 x2
(1kN  m)( C )    
2
dx  ( 0) (16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (1  )(12 x2 )dx2
0
EI 1.5EI 0 EI 0 5
5 2
1 12 x2
 0 
EI 0
(12 x 2 
5
)dx2

2 3
1 12 x2 12 x2 5 50 50
C  (  )   = + 0.00125 rad ,
EI 2 5  3 0 EI (200)(200)
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 CH= = 28.87 mm
5m
B C 4 kN C = 0.00125 rad ,

12 kN
2 kN/m
6m

A 16 kN

12 kN 60

4
+
- 60
-12
+
V , kN M , kN•m
+

16
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Example 8-22

Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN

C
3m

B 60o

2m
A

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 •Virtual Moment m Displacement at C •Real Moment M
1 kN 5 kN
1 kN 5 kN
C C
3m x1 3 mx
x1 C 1 x1 C
30 o
v1 30 o
V1
30o 30o
B B 1.5 m
1.5 m m1 = -0.5x1
n1 N1 M1 = -2.5x1
7.5 kN•m
1.5 kN•m
1 kN 5 kN 5 kN
1 kN
1.5 kN•m 1.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 v2 2m x2 V2
A n2 A N2
m2 = -1.5 M2 = -7.5
L 3 2
m M 1 1
(1kN )( Cv )    dx   ( 0. 5 x1 ) (  2.5 x1 ) dx 1   (1.5)(7.5) dx2
0
EI EI 0 EI 0
3 3
1 1.25 x1 1 2
2
33.75 33.75
 Cv  ( )0 (11 .25 x2 ) 0   = 11.25 mm ,
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 •Virtual Moment m Slope at C •Real Moment M

1 kN•m 5 kN

1 kN•m 5 kN
C C
3m x1 3m x1
x1 C x1 C
30 o
v1 30 o
V1
30o 30o
B 1.5 m B 1.5 m
n1 m1 = -1 N1 M1 = -2.5x1
1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
5 kN 5 kN
1 kN•m 1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 v2 2m x2 V2
A n2 A N2
m2 = -1 M2 =
=--7.5
7.5
L 3 2
mM 1 1
(1kN  m)( C )    dx   ( 1) ( 2 . 5 x1 ) dx1   (1)(7.5)dx2
0
EI EI 0 EI 0
2
1 2.5 x1 3 1 2
26.25 26.25
C  ( )0 (7.5 x2 ) 0   = 0.00875 rad,
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Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature

• Axial Load
L
nN
Un   dx
AE
Where 0

n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
• Bending
L
mM
Ub   dx
0
EI

Where
n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load
M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis
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 • Torsion

L
tT
Ut   dx
0
GJ

Where
t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load
T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = c4/2, where c is the
radius of the cross-sectional area

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• Shear

L
vV
Us   K( )dx
0
GA

Where
v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area:
K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K = 10/9 for circular cross sections
K  1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
A = cross-sectional area of a member

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 • Temperature T2 > T1
T1

T2
O dx

d T = T2 - T1
T1  T2 T1 T2
Tm  T1 d T
2 T y
y c  y 2c
M 2c
c
M
T2 > T1 T2 T1

T
(d ) y   ( y )dx
2c
T
( d )   ( )dx
2c
U temp   md
L
T
U temp   m( )dx
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 Example 8-23

From the beam below Determine :

(a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the midspane C, what would be the
displacement at point C. Due to shear and bending moment.
(b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55 oC , the
temperature at the bottom surface is 30 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.
What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the
the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B.
(c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical
displacement of the beam at its midpoint C.

Take = 12(10-6)/oC. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A =

35(103) mm2. The cross-section area is rectangular.

C
A B

2m 2m

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 SOLUTION • Part (a) :
P
1 kN
x x x x
C
A B A B

P/2 2m 2m P/2 0.5 kN 0.5 kN

P/2 0.5
V v
diagram diagram

P/2 0.5
P P
x PL/4 x
2 m 1
M 2
diagram 0.5x 0.5x
diagram
L L/2
mi M i x Px dx 2 Px 3 PL3 60(4) 3
 dx  2  ( )( )
L/2
 bending  ( )   = 2 mm,
0
EI 0
2 2 EI EI 4  3 0
48 EI 48(200)(200)
L L/2
Kv V 1 P dx KPx L/2
KPL 1.2(60)(4)
 shear   i i dx  2  K ( )( )    = 0.026 mm,
0
GA 0
2 2 GA 2GA 0
4GA 4(80)(35000)
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University of Engineering and  C   bending   shear = 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm,
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 SOLUTION •Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C
260 m
C 55 oC,
A B
30 C
o

2m 2m T1=55oC
55  30
1 kN Tm   42.5
x x 260 mm 2

A B Troom = 25 oC ,
T2=30 C o

0.5 kN 0.5 kN Temperature profile

m 1
diagram 0.5x 0.5x

- Bending

m (T )  (T ) 2
L
(12 10 6 )(25) 0.5 x 2 2

(1kN )( Cv )  
2c 0
dx 2 (0.5 x)dx  2 ( )
0
2 c ( 260 10 3 ) 2 0

Cv = -2.31 mm ,
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 • Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B
260 m
C 55 oC
A B
30 C
o
T1=55oC
2m 2m
55  30
Tm   42.5
x 260 mm 2
1 kN A B
1 kN Troom = 25 oC ,
T2=30 C o

0 0 Temperature profile
n 1 1 - Axial
diagram L
(1kN )( BH )   n (T )dx
0
4
BH = 0.84 mm   (T )  (1) dx
Cv = 2.31 mm , 0
4
6
 (12 10 )(42.5  25)( x)
0
C
A Deflected curve B BH = 0.84 mm ,
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 • Part (c) :

P
260 m
C 55 oC
A B
30 C
o

=
C = -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm,
P

C
A B
C = 2.03 mm

+
C = 2.31 mm
55 oC,
A B
30 oC

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Example 8-24

Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the

temperature at top surface of member BC is 30 oC , the temperature at the bottom
surface is 55 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.Take = 12(10-6)/oC, E = 200
GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2 for both members.
The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.

5m
B C 4 kN

260 mm
EI,AE,GA
2 kN/m
1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA 6m

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 x2 Virtual load
5m
B C 1 1 1
B C
1.2
1.2 kN
6m
x1 Axial, n (kN)

1 kN
A 1.2
A
1.2 kN
B C 6 1.2x2
1 B C
6
-1.2 -1.2

Shear, v (kN) 1x1

Moment, m (kN•m)

1
A
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 x2 Real load
5m
4 4
B C 4 kN 12 B C

2 kN/m 12 kN
6m Axial, N (kN)
x1

16 kN
A 12 A

12 kN 60 12x2
B C
4 60 B C

16 - 2x1 -12 -12

Shear, V (kN)
16x1 - x12 Moment, M (kN•m)

16
A
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•Due to Axial x2
1 1 4 4
B C 12 B C
1.2
AE
1.5AE
Virtual Axial, n (kN) 6m Real Axial, N (kN)
x1
5m
1.2
A 12 A

ni N i Li
(1kN )( CH )  
Ai Ei
(1.2)(12)(6) (1)(4)(5)
 
1.5 AE AE
77.6kN 2  m

AE
77.6kN  m
 CH  = 1.109(10-5) m = 0.0111 mm,
kN
(35000 106 m 2 )(200 106
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•Due to Shear x2

B GA C B C
1 4
-1.2 -1.2
1.5GA 16 - 2x1 -12 -12

Virtual Shear, v (kN) 6m Real Shear, V (kN)

x1

1 5m
16
A A

L
vV
(1kN )( CH )   K ( )dx
0
GA
6 5
(1)(16  2 x1 ) (1.2)(12)
  1.2 dx1   1.2 dx2
0
1.5GA 0
GA
2
1.2 2 x1 6 1.2 5
134.4kN 2  m
( )(16 x1  ) 0 ( )(14.4 x2 ) 0 
1.5GA 2 GA GA
134.4kN  m
 CH  = 4.8(10-5) m = 0.048 mm,
kN
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•Due to Bending x2
60 12x2
6 1.2x2
B C 60 B C
6
EI
1.5EI 16x1 - x12
1x1
Virtual Moment, m (kN•m) 6 m Real Moment, M (kN•m)
x1
5m
A A

L
mM
(1kN )( CH )   dx
0
EI
6 5
1 1
1.5 EI 0 EI 0
2
 ( x1 ) (16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2

3 4 3
1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 1152kN 2  m 3
 (  )0 ( )0 
1.5 EI 3 4 EI 3 EI
1152 kN  m3
 CH  = 0.0288 m = + 28.8 mm ,
kN
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and (200 106 2 )(200 10 6 m 4 ) 35

Technology, Taxila, Pakistan m

•Due to Temperature
6 1.2x2
B 30oC
C B C
6
55oC 1 1
260 mm x2 B
1.2
1x1
Troom = 25oC C
m (kN•m)
x1
n (kN)
A 5m
A
1.2
- Bending A
T1=30oC
m (T )
L 5
(1.2 x2 )(12 10 6 )(55  30) 2
(1kN )( CH )   dx   dx
Tm= 42.5oC 2 c ( 260  10 3
)
0 0
260 mm
CH = 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm ,
T2=55oC - Axial
L 5
Temperature
(1kN )( CH )   n (T )dx   (1)(12 10 6 )(42.5  25)dx2
profile 0 0
Department of Civil Engineering 36
University of Engineering and CH = 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm ,
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
•Total Displacement

( CH )Total  ( CH ) Axial  ( CH ) Shear  ( CH ) Bending  ( CH )Temp

= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm

CH= 47.21 mm

B C 4 kN

2 kN/m

Department of Civil Engineering 37

University of Engineering and
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
Department of Civil Engineering 38
University of Engineering and
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan