LIST

Capt. Amin Al Qawasmeh

So far, stability has only been considered for a ship that is upright,
where G is on the centerline and the ship floats upright in still
water. It is necessary to consider the position of G in the transverse
sense as well as the vertical.
There is a distinction to be made between the terms list and heel,
as this is often overlooked or ignored completely.

The List is the term used to describe a ship that is in an inclined

condition due to the distribution of weights within it.

The Heel is the term used to describe a ship that has been forcibly
inclined by external forces (wind, waves, etc).
On completion of this section, the learner will: 
•1
•1 Calculate the list caused by a transverse shift of a single weight. 
•2
•2 Calculate the list caused by a transverse and vertical shift of a single weight for a ship that is initially upright.
•3
•3 Calculate the list caused by a single weight being loaded or discharged. 
•4
•4 Calculate the weight to shift to bring a listed ship upright.
•5
•5 Calculate the final list when loading and/or discharging multiple weights for a ship that is initially upright.
•6
•6 Calculate the final list when loading and/or discharging multiple weights for a ship that is initially listed.
•7
•7 Calculate the weights to load each side of the center line to ensure that the ship completes cargo upright.
•8
•8 Understands the effect of free surface on list.
 Calculating List Caused by a Transverse Shift of Weight - the Basic List Triangle

Consider a ship floating upright, G and B on the centerline with a weight w on one side.

The weight w is shifted transversely across the deck.

Remember the rule: If a weight already onboard is shifted,
G will move parallel to and in the same direction as the shift
of the center of gravity of the weight.
G moves off the centreline to GH and the ship lists over, coming to rest with the center of buoyancy, B,
vertically below the center of gravity, now GH.

The distance that G moves off the centerline, GGH,

is calculated using the formula:
For the above formula to be true, the list must be restricted
to a small angle, ie the metacenter is assumed to be in a fixed
position within small angles of inclination.
Example
A ship initially upright displaces 12000 tonnes and has KG 6.7 m and KM 7.3 m. A weight of 60 tonnes already onboard is
shifted 14 m horizontally across the deck. Calculate the resulting angle of the list.

Answer:
Calculating List Caused by a Transverse and Vertical Shift
of Weight Ship Initially Upright

If weight is shifted both vertically and horizontally as shown, then the movement of G to G 1 is considered to have
two components:

•GGv - a vertical component

•GGH - a horizontal component.
The procedure for calculating the resultant list is as follows:

1- Calculate GGv using:

d is the vertical distance through which the weight is shifted.

2- Apply GGv to the ship's initial KG to find the final KG.

3- Calculate the final GM using: GM=KM-KG
4- Calculate GGH using:

d is the horizontal distance through which the weight is shifted.

5- Using the formula:

Example

A ship, initially upright, has a displacement of 12200 tonnes, KG 6.36 m, and KM 7.62 m. A weight of 40 t is in the
lower hold in a position Kg 2.20 m, 4 .00 m to port of the centreline.

Calculate the final list if the weight is shifted to a new position on deck, Kg 11.4 m,2.6 m to starboard of the centreline.

Answer:
Example
A ship, initially upright, has a displacement of 14000 tonnes, KG 7.41 m, and KM 7.86 m. A weight of 86 tonnes is in a
position Kg 6.44 m, 3.62 m to starboard of the centerline.

Calculate the final list if the weight is shifted to a new position in the lower hold, Kg 1.96 m, 5.36 m to the port of the
centerline.

Answer:
Calculating the List Due to a Single Weight Being Loaded or
Discharged
If weight is loaded or discharged then both the vertical and horizontal components of the shift of G must be considered and
the final GM must be used to calculate the final list.

Remember the rules: If the weight is loaded, G will move directly toward the center of gravity of the loaded
weight.

If weight is discharged, G will move directly away from the center of gravity of the discharged weight.
The procedure for single-weight load/ discharge problems is as follows:
1- Calculate GGV, using:

d being the vertical distance between G of the ship and g of the loaded/discharged weight

2- Apply GGv to the ship's initial KG to find the final KG.

3- Calculate the final GM using: GM=KM-KG
4- Calculate GGH using:

d is the horizontal distance between G of the ship and g of the loaded/discharged weight.

5- Using the formula below calculate the list.

Follow the two worked examples, one for a weight being loaded, the other for a weight being discharged.

It may help your understanding of the work if you do a sketch for each case.
Example 1 (Loading)

A ship, initially upright displaces 6400 tonnes and has KG 4.6 m and KM 6.5 m. A weight of 80 tonnes is loaded on deck at
Kg 10.2 m, 6.2 m off the centreline to starboard. Calculate the final list. Assume KM remains constant.
Example 2 (Discharging)

A ship, initially upright, displaces 14480 tonnes and has KG 8.82 m and KM 10.96 m. A weight of 240 tonnes
is discharged from a position in the lower hold Kg 3.6 m, 2.8 m off the centreline to port. Calculate the final list. Assume
KM remains constant.

Answer:
Following two Extra Examples try to solve them by
yourself!
Shifting a Weight Already On board to Bring a Listed Ship Upright

For a ship to be upright:

Port Moments = Starboard Moments
whereby G is on the centreline.

A ship that is listed will have G off the centreline by a

distance GGH as shown. Consider the formula for a shift of
weight: GGH= w * d / W

Rearranging this gives:

Example

A ship has a displacement of 12000 tonnes and is initially listed 2° to starboard. If the KG of the ship is 11.60 m and the KM
is 12.00 m, how much ballast water must be transferred from a starboard-side ballast tank to a port-side ballast tank through a
distance of 16.00m?

Answer:
Example

A ship has a displacement of 21200 tonnes and is initially listed 4° to port. If the KG of the ship is 8.78 m and the KM is
9.52 m, how much deck cargo must be shifted transversely through a distance of 14.0 m?

Answer:
 Multiple Weight Problems - Ship Initially
Upright
In practice, list problems are solved by taking moments about the keel to determine KG, then final GM, and then
taking moments about the centerline to determine GG H.

The procedures are as follows:

1- Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG:

2- Calculate the final GM: GM=KM-KG

3- Take moments about the centreline to calculate the final

distance that G is off the centreline, GGH:

4- Calculate the list:

Example

A ship displaces 8000 tonnes, KG 7.60 m, and is initially upright. The following cargo is worked:

Load: 
300 tonnes at Kg 0.60 m, 6.1 m to PORT of CL.
250 tonnes at Kg 6.10 m, 7.6 m to STBD of CL.

Discharge : 
50 tonnes from Kg 1.20 m, 4.6 m to PORT of CL.
500 tonnes from Kg 12.60 m, 4.6 m to STBD of CL.

Calculate the final angle of the list on completion of cargo if the KM for the final displacement is 9.36 m.
The following example is extra to check your self solve it and
check if the answer is the same.
 Multiple Weight Problems - Ship Initially Listed

If a ship is initially listed, G must be off the centerline as shown:

where GGH is the initial listing lever to be

incorporated into the moment’s table for the ship.
Example

A ship has a displacement of 15000 tonnes, KG 8.6 m, KM 9.4, and is listed at 6° to starboard. Cargo is worded as
follows:

Load: 
150 tonnes at Kg 7.6 m, 5.0 m to port of CL.
305 tonnes at Kg 8.0 m, on the CL.
95 tonnes at Kg 8.0 m, 4.2 m to starboard of CL.
Calculate the final angle of the list, (Assume KM remains constant.)
 Loading Weight About the Centerline to Complete Upright
A common question arises when the ship is near completion of loading and the remaining cargo has to be distributed
between two compartments that are on either side of the centerline in such a way that the ship completes upright.

To complete upright:

Port moments must equally starboard moments.

There are two methods of approach to this type of problem as shown in the next example.
Example

From the following details, calculate the final GM and the amount of cargo to load in each space so that the ship will
complete loading upright:

Initial displacement 18000 tonnes, KG 8.80 m, KM 9.40 m, and listed 3° to starboard.

400 tonnes of cargo remains to be loaded where space is available in a tween deck Kg 10.5 m, 7.0 m to port of CL, and 10.0
m to starboard of CL. (Assume KM remains constant)

Answer:
2nd method
 List and Free Surface Effect
Consider the basic list triangle, GGHM, as shown.

GM is the solid metacentric height, the GM that would exist if the ship had no
slack tanks.

GGH is the distance that G is off the centreline.

GGv is the virtual rise of G due to tank-free surfaces. Since GM is reduced to

GVM (the fluid GM) it can be seen that the angle of the list has increased for
the same distance that G is of the centreline (GG H).

The greater the free surface moments/ free surface effect, the greater will be
the list for the same listing moments.
Consider the following example.
Example
A ship displaces 13200 tonnes, KG 10.2 m, and is initially upright. Ballast water RD 1.025 is run into a rectangular DB tank
with length 24 m, breadth 10 m to a sounding of 4.00 m.

If the Kg of the ballast water is 2.00 m and its transverse center of gravity (TCG) is 5.00 m to the starboard of the centreline,
calculate the final angle of list:

(a) Assuming no free surface moments.

(a) Accounting for free surface moments.

Assume KM for the final displacement is 11.64 m.

"When calculating the list, free surface effects should always be accounted for as they will always
increase the list of the ship."
Example 10
A ship displacing 7790 t, KG 757 m, KM 8.12 is floating upright. A double-bottom tank of
Rectangular cross-section is divided into two equal parts, each 16 m long, 6. 9 m wide, and 1. 6 m
deep.
In the upright condition the port side is full of diesel oil (RD 0. 88) and the starboard side is
empty.
Calculate the resulting angle of the list when half of this oil is transferred to the starboard side of the
tank.
Solution
Assume that the bottom of the double-bottom tank is at the keel

Mass of oil transferred = 16 (*}6. 9 (*}0. 8 (*}0. 88 = 77 7

tonnes
Oil is moved down from Kg 1.2 m to Kg 0. 4 m.