PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS

Ns. IRA ERWINA, M. Kep, Sp. KepJ

 Prevalensi hiv/aids
Akhir tahun 2010 tercatat bahwa :
• 34 juta jiwa hidup dengan HIV
• 2,7 juta jiwa kasus baru yang terinfeksi HIV
• 1,8 juta jiwa meninggal karena penyakit yang
timbul akibat AIDS
 PENDAHULUAN
• Terjadi penurunan angka infeksi HIV di seluruh
penjuru dunia
• Sekitar 26% jika dibandingkan dengan epidemi
yang terjadi pada tahun 1997
• Tapi di negara di kawasan eropa timur dan
asia tengah, kasus baru infeksi HIV meningkat
• Sedangkan di daerah Oceania, timur tengah
dan afrika utara, angkanya tetap
 PENYEBAB TIMBULNYA PENURUNAN ANGKA INFEKSI
HIV

• Changes in sexual behavior

• Reduce the number of sexual partners
• Increase the use of condoms
• Waiting longer before becoming sexually
active
• Increases of male circumcision
 5 LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS
1. Provide leadership for a strong national
response
2. Know your epidemic and current response
3. Prioritize and tailor your response to the
epidemic
4. Set ambitions, realistic and measurable
prevention targets
5. Use strategicinformation to stay on course
(UNAIDS, 2008)
 BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
• Hindari transmisi melalui cairan
• Reduce your sexual risks
– Don’t have sex
– Be monogamous
– Get test and know your partner’s status
– Use condom consistenly and correctly
• Jika pasangan anda terinfeksi HIV (mixed-status),
– use condom and dental dam
– Communication with your partner
– Safer sex practice
 BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
• If you are injection drug :
– Never use or share drug preparation equipment
– Use a new equipment
– Only use syringe from a reliable resource
– Use sterile water to prepare drugs
– Use a new or desinfected container and a new filter
each time you prepare drugs
– Before inject, clean the inject site with a new alcohol
swab
– Safely dispose of syringe after one use
 BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
• If you are prenant :
– an HIV-positive mother receives antiretroviral drugs
during pregnancy, labor, and delivery
– Has a baby by caesarian section
– Avoids breastfeeding
– newborn babies are also given treatment after birth
• Use blood tranfusion and organ donation that
free from HIV
• PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)
 Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

Biasanya digunakan pada orang yang terpapar

HIV.
Ada dua jenis PEP :
1. Occupational PEP (oPEP)
seseorang yg bekerja di pelayanan kesehatan
potensial terpapar bahan yang terinfeksi HIV
2. Non-occupational PEP
seseorang potensial terpapar HIV diluar area kerja
(mis : kondom yg rusak, aniaya seksual)
 Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

• PEP yang efektif harus dimulai dalam waktu 72

jam semenjak terpapar.
• PEP terdiri dari 2-3 obat antiretroviral yang
harus dikonsumsi selama 28 hari
• Pengobatan dgn PEP memiliki efek samping yg
berat, sehingga sangat sulit utk mengakhiri
pengobatan
• PEP TDK MENJAMIN SESEORANG YG
TERPAPAR HIV TIDAK TERJANGKIT HIV
 Tipe-tipe test HIV
1. Antibodi test
– Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests use blood, oral
fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for
these tests can take up to two weeks.
– Rapid HIV antibody tests also use blood, oral fluid,
or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for these
tests can take 10–20 minutes.
If you get a positive result from either of these tests,
you will need to take another test, called a Western
blot test, to confirm that result. It can take up to two
weeks to confirm a positive result.
 Tipe-tipe test HIV
2. Antigen test
can be used to diagnose HIV infection earlier—from 1-3 weeks
after you are first infected with HIV. Antigen tests require a
blood sample.
3. PCR test (polimerase chain reaction)
– This test detects the genetic material of HIV itself, and can
identify HIV in the blood within 2-3 weeks of infection.
– Babies born to HIV-positive mothers are tested with a special
PCR test, because their blood contains their mother's HIV
antibodies for several months. This means they would test
HIV-positive on a standard antibody test—but a PCR test can
determine whether the babies have HIV themselves.
– Blood supplies in most developed countries are screened for
HIV using PCR tests. PCR tests are also used to measure viral
loads for people who are HIV-positive.
 FREKUENSI UNTUK TEST HIV
• CDC merekomendasikan utk test HIV setiap
melakukan medical check-up
• 1 kali setahun, jika menggunakan jarum suntik
bersama, punya riwayat IMS, have had
unprotected sex with mutiple or anonymous
partner
• 1 kali dalam 3-6 bulan jika seorang memiliki
resiko tinggi
• Trimester pertama dan trimester ketiga jika
hamil
 TEST HIV SELAMA PERIODE JENDELA

• Periode jendela (window period) adl masa

dimana mulai terpapar HIV sampai positif
menderita HIV
• Biasanya selama 3-6 bulan
• Rata-rata butuh waktu 2-8 minggu dari waktu
terpapar utk mendapatkan hasil tes yg akurat
 Pre-post test counseling
• Pre test konseling :
– Informasi ttg tes HIV
– Informasi ttg penularan HIV dan bagaimana cara
melindungi diri
– Informasi ttg kerahasiaan hasil test
– Penjelasan yg mudah dipahami ttg arti dari hasil
test
• Post test konseling :
– Penjelasan ttg hasil test
– Konseling pencegahan HIV jika hasil test negatif
 Jika hasil test : positif
• CARILAH DOKTER YANG BERPENGALAMAN
DALAM MENANGANI HIV
• JALANI PEMERIKSAAN UNTUK PENYAKIT LAIN,
SEPERTI : IMS DAN TB
• PERTAHANKAN GAYA HIDUP YANG SEHAT
• SAFER SEX PRACTICE AND USE CONDOM
CONSISTENLY AND CORRECTLY
• TELL YOUR PARTNER(S) ABOUT YOUR HIV
STATUS BEFORE YOU HAVE ANY TYPE OF
SEXUAL CONTACT (VAGINAL, ANAL, OR ORAL)
 MITOS SEPUTAR HIV
• If you have HIV, you can be cured if you have sex with a
virgin.
THERE’S NO CURE FOR HIV
• Antiretrovirals will cure HIV/AIDS.
medicines control the virus and slow the progression of HIV
infection NOT cure it
• Drinking, bathing in, or douching with bleach will prevent
HIV.
Bleach will kill HIV on injection needles and other surfaces, but
is not safe or effective to use it in your mouth or on/in other
parts of your body
• The U.S. government created HIV/AIDS.
HIV came from nature, most likely from a particular species of
monkey in Africa. HIV was probably transferred to humans when
they hunted and ate the infected monkeys