DISTRIBUTION OF

WATER SERVICES
BY MOHD KHAIRUL AFZAN BIN MOHD LAZI
 INTRODUCTION

Hot and Cold water supply in buildings are used for

washing, cooking, cleaning and other specialized
functions.

Cold water for buildings is also known as potable

water.

Non-potable is supplied in some countries, this is not

for drinking or cooking.

• Water Regulations, relevant statutory regulations,

Water services should be designed and installed in • bylaws, other relevant standards and
accordance with the recommendations of the; • manufacturers' recommendations.
 WATER INSTALLATIONS

The components of a
water distribution
system include:

Pipelines - carry water • transmission mains - the largest pipes which carry flow from the water treatment facility to
the network.
from the treatment • feeder mains - pipelines which feed flow from the transmission mains to the individual
pipe networks of every service area
facility to the users. • distribution mains - the grid of pipelines which provides service to all users service lines -
pipelines which go from the distribution mains to the individual house/facility.
 Pumps - maintain
required pipeline • booster pumps - maintain required service
service pressure. pressure along long pipelines
Because of • fire-service pumps - provide additional
capacity for emergency situations
variable demand
• Pumps operate at the intersection of pump
requirements performance and network system curves and
multiple pumps or must adjust to highly variable demand.
pumps with • As such, multiple pumps may be required for
variable motors steady, cyclical, and emergency demands
are often required.
 Storage facilities – • ground storage - ground level storage which discharge water
accommodates demand to the system with a pump
fluctuation by storing excess • elevated storage - storage tank at the elevation required to
water until it’s necessary deliver water at required pressure (or head).

Valves - required for

removing components and
rerouting flows

Water Meters - required

for monitoring flows
Sources Sources of
water
supply are

of Original
source -
rainfall.
usually
classified
by the
For supplies of drinking water the
main categories are;

water
routes
after
rainfall.

Part of water
on earth
drains on the
surface to join Rainwater
streams and Surface water Underground collectors
rivers and streams, rivers, water springs roofs and
percolated lakes and and wells paved
into the reservoirs.
ground to surfaces
feed
underground
supplies
The variety types of qualities of natural
waters may need to be adjusted before
used.

The following properties are desirable

for good drinking water:
• Harmless to health
• Colourless
• Clear
• Sparkling
• Odourless
 Water
Treatment

The principal • Storage - sedimentation and clarification

techniques • Filtration - slow sand filters, rapid sand
used for the filters, micro-strainers, membrane filters
• Disinfection - chlorination and ozonisation.
treatment;

The method • Whether it is in small supplies or bulk

used depend supplies
• Needed for domestic or industrial used
upon;
WATER TREATMENT

The
components of
a typical
water
treatment
works
 • Reservoir are used to store reserves of
water
• Important preliminary stage of treatment

Water • All contaminant in the water are diluted in

their effect and different qualities of
water are evened out.
storage • Bacteria tend to dies lack of suitable
food, low temperature and action of
sunlight.
• Prolonged storage of raw water
• growth of algae, difficult to treat water.
 • Is gradual • A system of
Sedimentation

Clarification
sinking of chemically
impurities that assisted
are sedimentation
suspended in used for the
the water. removal very
• The natural fine
settling of suspended
suspended particles that
materials not settle
• take place naturally
in reservoirs
and also
specially
designed
settling
tanks.
 • Particles are removed from water by passed through a fine material such as sand.
Water Filtration

• Some filterers act only as a simple physical filter and the water also requires chemical treatment.
• Types of filter
• Slow sand filters
• Rapid gravity filters
• Pressure filters
• Micro-strainers
• Membrane filters
 Disinfection

• Intended to reduce harmful organism (bacteria) to

such very low levels that they are harmless
• This save quality need to be maintained while in
distribution system
• Including reservoirs
• Can be achieved by a number of agents, but chlorine
and ozone are usually employed to treat public water
supplies.
• Chlorination
• Ozone treatment
Most buildings can receive water supply from the Water Authority’s main.

But in some rural areas may obtain water from private sources such as
• Wells, springs, rivers & lakes

The adequacy of a mains supply will depend on

• The size of water mains
• The pressure of water
• Demand of the water.
After water has been treated it is pumped to the start of a local distribution
system which is often a high-level storage reservoir or water tower.

Water can be supplied by gravity through iron pipes or polymer pipes

beneath the streets.

Pipes flow full of water under pressure so secure joints are important to
prevent leakage.

Types of water distribution from the reservoir

• Gravitational Distributional
• Pumped Distributional
 • Water from upland gathering grounds is
impounded in a reservoir.
Gravitational • From this point, the water is filtered and chlorinated
distribution before serving an inhabited area at lower level.
• There are no pumping costs
 • Water extracted from a river is pumped into a
settlement tank, subsequently filtered and
Pumped chlorinated.
distribution • More expensive than gravity systems
• Pump maintenance and running costs
 Water Meters
• Water meters are installed
at the discretion of the local
water authority.
• Required on all new build
and conversion properties,
plus existing buildings which
have been substantially
altered.
• Meters are either installed in
the communication pipe, or
by direct annular connection
to the stop valve.
• If underground location is
impractical, the water
authority may agree internal
attachment to the rising main.
 Domestic Water Installation

• The system for distributing water within a building needs to take account of the following factors;
• Sufficient capacity for purpose.
• Leak proof pipework.
• Means of isolating pipework appliances.
• Means of draining pipework and appliances.
• Arrangements for overflows.
• Prevention of back pollution to the public supply.
• Compliance with regulation
WATER STORAGE
• Water storage in dwellings is usually required to meet a 24 hour
demand, that is, if the supply is cut off, there will be a supply of
cold water for 24 hours
• The consumption of cold water in any building depends upon;
• The use to which the water is put
• The number of consumers served.
A balanced flow of water to and from tanks is recommended
• achieved by installing inlets and outlets at the same level and with the same lengths of pipework.
• This ensures that the same amount of water enters each tank from the ball valve.
Tanks should be periodically cleaned out to remove dust and grime build-up and a
valve drain is used for this purpose.

The use of a delayed action float valve may also be considered to ensure a
greater turn over of water.
The main advantages of water
storage;
• Provide a reserve against failure of the mains
supply
• Sudden demands are met from the storage
cistern, which gives
• Economy water mains and in the size of
service pipe
• Reduce possibility mains pressure dropping
that lead to back siphonage
• Reduces pressure of installation
• Minimize noise and wastage and enable
appliance to be used.
• Heating and hot water supply can vented to
the cistern
• Minimize safety-valve requirement
Disadvantages;

Space and support must

be provided for the
storage cistern.
•High building at ground level,
becoming usual to avoid load
and save space at high level.

Storage cistern may

become dirty

The reduced pressure

means that distributing
pipes have to be large.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
• Cold water can be distributed to points inside the buildings
by TWO (2) main methods;
• Direct systems – water is taken straight ‘up’ from the mains
• Indirect systems – water is taken ‘down’ storage.
• Often in the roof space
Direct Water of Cold Water Supply
• For efficient operation, a high pressure water supply is essential particularly at
periods of peak demand.
• Pipe work is minimal and the storage cistern supplying the hot water cylinder
need only have 115liters capacity.
• Drinking water is available at every draw-off point and maintenance valves
should be fitted to isolate each section of pipe work.
• With every outlet supplied from the main, the possibility of back siphonage
must beconsidered
 Features •
•
No storage water involved
Mains supply is fed directly to all outlets
of direct •
•
All cold taps suitable for drinking
Higher peak demands on mains
cold water •
•
Risk back syphonage to mains.
Less plumbing installation
supplies; • Lower costs.
The indirect system of cold water supply has only one drinking water outlet, at the sink.

The cold water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230 litres, for location in the
roof space.

In addition to its normal supply function, its provides an adequate emergency storage in
the event of water main failure.

The system requires more pipework than the direct system and is therefore more expensive
to install, but uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets
The water authorities prefer this system as it imposes less
demand on the main.

Also, with fewer fittings attached to the main, there is

include less noise and wear on fittings, and the opportunity
to install a balanced pressure shower from the cistern
Features of indirect cold water supplies;
• Water stored in cistern at higher level
• Mains is led to storage cistern
• Cold taps not for drinking
• Demand from mains is smoothed
• Building is protected from mains failure
• More plumbing installation
• Higher costs
Pneumatic Boosting
• In the pneumatic boosting system a cushion of air under pressure is maintained in
the top of a pressure vessel.
• When a tap is opened the air is able to expand by forcing the water out of the
cylinder and through the pipework.
• This process can continue until the water level drops to a predetermined point,
when the pumps will be switched on to raise the level again.
• Drinking water is drawn off from the pressure vessel, although the drinking water
can be supplied direct to lower floors where the mains pressure is sufficient.
For flats of about 15 floors a simplified system is possible as shown below.

The system below differs from the previous design, principally in that minor drinking water
is supplied by means of an enlarged section of pipe above the level of the highest flat.

This enlarged section allows water to flow to drinking water taps without the pump being
operated until the section becomes empty
 Typical
boosted
cold water
system for
flats
System for Raising Water to Flats
• For buildings higher than about 10 stories it is necessary that
consideration be given to pressure balancing at individual draw-off
fittings
• By means of orifice plates or
• By arranging the piping system in vertical zones with reducing valves.
• For very high buildings, the provision of intermediate water storage and
further pumping equipment may be necessary.
Hot Water supply and Distribution
• The temperature required is about 45oC.
• Water is usually generated at a higher temperature (55oC to 65oC)
in a vessel and mixed with cold water at mixing taps or mixing valves.
• It is better to store water at a temperature much higher than body
temperature (37oC) to reduce risk of bacteria growth and other
water borne diseases.
Hot water service systems may be divided into two
main types:
• Local systems
• subdivided into instantaneous heaters and storage heaters
• Central systems
• consist of a boiler or hot water heater coupled by circulating
piping to a large storage vessel
TYPES OF PIPES

• DUCTILE IRON PIPE

• POLYSTEEL PIPE

• ABS PIPE

• STAINLESS STEEL PIPE

VARIETY OF WATER CISTERN/TANK
• R.C. SUCTION TANK

• FRP PANEL TANK

UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE TANK

used for underground storage of potable

drinking water, wastewater, & rainwater
collection.
it capable of being buried underground,
supporting the surrounding soil.
Plastic underground water tanks (cistern
water tanks) is a great alternative to
concrete cisterns.
 POLYETHYLENE TANK

Made from a highly resistant polyethylene,

these plastic holding tanks will keep water
stored for as long as you need.
these tanks come in a green color and
have been UV stabilized.
Designed specifically to hold water, these
tanks have resins that comply with the
FDA so stored water is safe to drink.
 STEEL WATER STORAGE TANK

The Steel Potable Water Storage Tank is an ideal way

to store large quantities of drinking water around your
building, facility or plant.

Potable water tanks are available in vertical and

horizontal styles depending on your site requirements
and available space.

Water tanks are available in either carbon or stainless

steel with multiple internal linings and external coatings
available depending on your requirements.

Perfect for industrial facilities, public buildings (such as

schools or hospitals) or commercial resorts
 FRP PANEL TANK

The FRP Panel Tanks are designed for storing water on high rise
buildings and can be easily assembled and dismantled because of
six pieces detachable design we manufacture these tanks made of
qualitative FRP/GRP and are used in construction industry.

Known for their light weight these tanks can be installed at any
location.
 STAINLESS STEEL TANK

Stainless Steel tank is as familiar and robust as your

kitchen sink.

It is widely considered as superior for strength, durability

and hygiene, and is the material of choice in commercial
applications and food preparation areas the world over!

Made from top grade stainless steel alloy, these SS

Tanks are designed to deliver optimum performance.
 HOT WATER TANK

Hot water tank is a water tank that is used for storing

hot water for space heating or domestic use.

A heavily insulated tank can retain heat for days.

use an external heat exchanger to heat water from

another energy source such as district heating, wood-
burning stove, or a district heating system.