Tanks Lecture1

Lecture 1
January 17, 2006

In this lecture
 Types of tanks
 IS codes on tanks
 Modeling of liquid
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 2
Types of tanks
 Two categories
 Ground supported tanks
 Also called at-grade tanks; Ground Service Reservoirs (GSR)
 Elevated tanks
 Also called overhead tanks; Elevated Service Reservoirs (ESR)
Types of tanks
 Ground supported tanks

 Shape: Circular or Rectangular
 Material : RC, Prestressed Concrete, Steel
 These are ground supported vertical tanks
 Horizontal tanks are not considered in this course
Types of tanks
 Elevated tanks
Two parts:
 Container
 Staging (Supporting tower)
Types of tanks
 Elevated tanks
Container:
 Material: RC, Steel, Polymer
 Shape : Circular, Rectangular, Intze, Funnel, etc.
Staging:
 RC or Steel frame
 RC shaft
 Brick or masonry shafts
 Railways often use elevated tanks with steel frame staging
 Now-a-days, tanks on brick or stone masonry shafts are not
constructed
Use of tanks
 Water distribution systems use ground
supported and elevated tanks of RC & steel
 Petrochemical industries use ground supported

steel tanks
Indian Codes on Tanks
 IS 3370:1965/1967 (Parts I to IV)
 For concrete (reinforced and prestressed) tanks
 Gives design forces for container due to
hydrostatic loads
 Based on working stress design
 BIS is considering its revision
 IS 11682:1985
 For RC staging of overhead tanks
 Gives guidelines for layout & analysis of staging
 More about this code later
 IS 803:1976
 For circular steel oil storage tanks
 IS 1893:1984
 Gives seismic design provisions
 Covers elevated tanks only
 Is under revision
 More about other limitations, later
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 is for buildings only

 Can not be used for tanks
Hydrodynamic Pressure
 Under static condition, liquid applies pressure on
container.
 This is hydrostatic pressure
 During base excitation, liquid exerts additional
pressure on wall and base.
 This is hydrodynamic pressure
 This is in additional to the hydrostatic pressure
Hydrodynamic pressure
 Hydrostatic pressure
 Varies linearly with depth of liquid
 Acts normal to the surface of the container
 At depth h from liquid top, hydrostatic pressure =
h
h
Hydrostatic pressure
 Hydrodynamic pressure
 Has curvilinear variation along wall height
 Its direction is opposite to base motion
Base motion
 Summation of pressure along entire wall surface

gives total force caused by liquid pressure
 Net hydrostatic force on container wall is zero
 Net hydrodynamic force is not zero
Circular tanks (Plan View)

Hydrostatic pressure Hydrodynamic pressure
Base motion
Net resultant force = zero Net resultant force ≠ zero
Note:- Hydrostatic pressure is axisymmetric; hydrodynamic is asymmetric

Rectangular tanks (Plan View)
Hydrostatic pressure Hydrodynamic pressure
Base motion
Net resultant force = zero Net resultant force ≠ zero
 Static design: Hydrostatic pressure is considered

 Hydrostatic pressure induces hoop forces and
bending moments in wall
 IS 3370 gives design forces for circular and
rectangular tanks
 Net hydrostatic force is zero on container wall
 Hence, causes no overturning moment on
foundation or staging
 Thus, hydrostatic pressure affects container
design only and not the staging or the
foundation
 Seismic design: Hydrodynamic pressure is

considered
 Net hydrodynamic force on the container is not
zero
 Affects design of container, staging and
foundation
 Procedure for hydrodynamic pressure & force:

 Very simple and elegant
 Based on classical work of Housner (1963a)
 Housner, G. W., 1963a, “Dynamic analysis of fluids in
containers subjected to acceleration”, Nuclear Reactors and
Earthquakes, Report No. TID 7024, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington D.C.
 We need not go in all the details
 Only basics and procedural aspects are
explained in next few slides
Modeling of liquid
 Liquid in bottom portion of the container moves with
wall
 This is called impulsive liquid
 Liquid in top portion undergoes sloshing and moves
relative to wall
 This is called convective liquid or sloshing liquid
Convective liquid
(moves relative to tank wall)
Impulsive liquid
(moves with tank wall)
Modeling of liquid
 Impulsive liquid
 Moves with wall; rigidly attached
 Has same acceleration as wall
 Convective liquid
 Also called sloshing liquid
 Moves relative to wall
 Has different acceleration than wall
 Impulsive & convective liquid exert pressure on
wall
 Nature of pressure is different
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
Impulsive Convective
Base motion Base motion
Modeling of liquid
 At this point, we will not go into details of

hydrodynamic pressure distribution
 Rather, we will first find hydrodynamic forces
 Impulsive force is summation of impulsive
pressure on entire wall surface
 Similarly, convective force is summation of
convective pressure on entire wall surface
Modeling of liquid
 Total liquid mass, m, gets divided into two parts:

 Impulsive liquid mass, mi
 Convective liquid mass, mc
 Impulsive force = mi x acceleration

 Convective force = mc x acceleration
 mi & mc experience different accelerations
 Value of accelerations will be discussed later
 First we will find mi and mc
Modeling of liquid
 Housner suggested graphs for mi and mc

 mi and mc depend on aspect ratio of tanks
 Such graphs are available for circular &
rectangular tanks
 See Fig. 2a and 3a of Guidelines
 Also see next slide
 For taller tanks (h/D or h/L higher), mi as fraction
of m is more
 For short tanks, mc as fraction of m is more
Modeling of liquid
1 1
mi/m mi/m
0.5 0.5
mc /m
mc /m
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 h/L
h/D
For circular tanks For rectangular tanks
 See next slide for definition of h, D, and L
Modeling of liquid
D
h
Plan of Circular tank

Elevation
Base motion
L L
Base motion
Plan of Rectangular tank
Modeling of liquid
Example 1:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height
of water. Find impulsive and convective water mass.
Solution:
Total volume of liquid = /4 x 82 x 3 = 150.8 m3
 Total liquid mass, m = 150.8 x 1.0 = 150.8 t
Note:- mass density of water is 1000 kg/m3; weight density of water is

9.81 x 1000 = 9810 N/m3.
D = 8 m, h = 3 m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375.
1
mi/m
0.5
mc /m
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
Modeling of liquid
From graph, for h/D = 0.375

mi/m = 0.42 and mc/m = 0.56
mi = 0.42 x 150.8 = 63.3 t and

mc = 0.56 x 150.8 = 84.5 t
Modeling of liquid
 Impulsive liquid is rigidly attached to wall

 Convective liquid moves relative to wall
 As if, attached to wall with springs
Kc/2 Kc/2 Convective liquid

mc (moves relative to wall)
Rigid m Impulsive liquid

i (moves with wall)
Modeling of liquid
 Stiffness associated with convective mass, Kc

 Kc depends on aspect ratio of tank
 Can be obtained from graph
 Refer Fig. 2a, 3a of guidelines
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
1
Kch/mg
mi/m
0.5
mc/m
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
Modeling of liquid
Example 2:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height
of water. Find Kc.
Solution:
Total liquid mass, m = 150.8 t (from Example 1)
= 150.8 x 1000 = 150800 kg
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375. From graph, for h/D = 0.375;
Kc h/mg = 0.65
Modeling of liquid
1
Kch/mg
mi/m
0.5
mc/m
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
Kc = 0.65 mg/h
 Kc = 0.65 x150800 x 9.81/3.0 = 320,525.4 N/m
Note: - Unit of m is kg, hence unit of Kc is N/m. If we take m in ton, then

unit of Kc will be kN/m.
Modeling of liquid
 Now, we know liquid masses mi and mc

 Next, we need to know where these are
attached with the wall
 Like floor mass in building acts at centre of
gravity (or mass center) of floor
 Location of mi and mc is needed to obtain
overturning effects
 Impulsive mass acts at centroid of impulsive
pressure diagram
 Similarly, convective mass
Modeling of liquid
 Impulsive mass acts at centroid of impulsive

pressure diagram
 Location of centroid:
 Obtained by dividing the moment due to
pressure distribution by the magnitude of
impulsive force
 Similarly, location of convective mass is obtained
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
Resultant of impulsive Resultant of convective
pressure on wall pressure on wall
hc
hi
 hi, hc can be obtained from graphs

 They also depend on aspect ratio, h/D or h/L
 Refer Fig. 2b, 3b of guidelines
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
1 1
0.8 0.8
hc/h hc/h
0.6 0.6
hi/h hi/h
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 h/D 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.5 1 h/L 1.5 2
For circular tanks For rectangular tanks
Modeling of liquid
Example 3:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m
height of water. Find hi and hc.
Solution:
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375.
1
0.8
hc/h
0.6
hi/h
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 h/D 1.5 2
Modeling of liquid
From graph, for h/D = 0.375;

hi/h = 0.375
hi = 0.375 x 3 = 1.125 m
and hc/h = 0.55
hc = 0.55 x 3 = 1.65 m
Note :- Since convective pressure is more in top portion, hc > hi.
Modeling of liquid
 Hydrodynamic pressure also acts on base

 Under static condition, base is subjected to
uniformly distributed pressure
 Due to base motion, liquid exerts nonuniform
pressure on base
 This is in addition to the hydrostatic pressure on the base
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
Base motion
Hydrostatic pressure on base Hydrodynamic pressure on base
Modeling of liquid
 Impulsive as well as convective liquid cause

nonuniform pressure on base
 Nonuniform pressure on base causes overturning
effect
 This will be in addition to overturning effect of
hydrodynamic pressure on wall
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
hi
Overturning effect Overturning effect

due to wall pressure due to base pressure
Note:- Both the overturning effects are in the same direction
Modeling of liquid
 Total overturning effect of wall and base

pressure is obtained by applying resultant of
wall pressure at height, hi* and hc*.
• In place of hi and hc discussed earlier
 For overturning effect due to wall pressure alone,
resultant was applied at hi

 For hi and hi , see next slide
*
Modeling of liquid
h*i
hi
Location of resultant of wall Location of Resultant of wall

pressure when effect of base pressure when effect of base
pressure is not included pressure is also included
Modeling of liquid
 Similarly, hc and hc* are defined
h*c
hc
Location of resultant of wall

pressure when effect of base
Location of Resultant of wall
pressure is not included
pressure when effect of base
pressure is also included
Modeling of liquid
 hi and hi* are such that

 Moment due to impulsive pressure on walls only = Impulsive force x hi
 Moment due to impulsive pressure on walls and base = Impulsive force x hi*
 hc and hc* are such that

 Moment due to convective pressure on walls only = Convective force x hc
 Moment due to convective pressure on walls and base = Convective force x hc*
Modeling of liquid
 hi* is greater than hi

 hc* is greater than hc
 Refer Fig. C-1 of the Guidelines
 hi* & hc* depend on aspect ratio
 Graphs to obtain hi, hc, hi*, hc* are provided
 Refer Fig. 2b & 3b of guidelines
 Also see next slide
 Please note, hi* and hc* can be greater than h
Modeling of liquid
2.5
hc*/h
2
1.5
hc/h hi*/h
0.5
hi/h
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
Modeling of liquid
Example 4:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height of
water. Find hi* and hc*.
Solution:
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375. From graph, for h/D = 0.375;
Modeling of liquid
2.5
hc*/h
2
1.5
hc/h hi */h
0.5
hi /h
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
hi*/h = 1.1
Hence hi* = 1.1 x 3 = 3.3 m
Similarly, hc*/h = 1.0
Hence, hc* = 1.0 x 3 = 3.0 m
Modeling of liquid
 This completes modeling of liquid

 Liquid is replaced by two masses, mi & mc
 This is called mechanical analogue or spring
mass model for tank
 See next slide
Modeling of liquid
mi = Impulsive liquid mass

Kc/2 Kc/2 mc = Convective liquid mass
mc
Kc = Convective spring stiffness
hi = Location of impulsive mass
hc (without considering overturning
Rigid m (hc*) caused by base pressure)
i
hi hc = Location of convective mass
(hi*) (without considering overturning
caused by base pressure)
Mechanical analogue hi* = Location of impulsive mass
or (including base pressure effect on
spring mass model of tank overturning)
hc* = Location of convective mass
(including base pressure effect on
overturning)
Modeling of liquid
 mi, mc, Kc, hi, hc, hi* and hc* can also be obtained
from mathematical expressions:
 These are given in Table C 1 of Guidelines
 These are reproduced in next two slides
Modeling of liquid
For circular tanks
 h
 D tanh 3.68 
t anh 0.866  mc
 0.23  D
mi
  h m h
m D D
0.866
h
 h
cosh 3.68   1.0
hi hc
1  D
 0.375 for h / D  0.75 h h  h
h 3.68 sinh 3.68 
 0.5 
0.09375 for h / D  0.75 D  D
h/ D
D  h
0.866 cosh 3.68   2.01
hi *
 h hc *  D
h  D
- 0.125 for h / D  1.33 1
2 tanh  0.866  h h  h
 h 3.68 sinh  3.68 
D  D
 0.45 for h / D  1.33

mg  h
K c  0.836 tanh 2  3.68 
h  D
Modeling of liquid
For rectangular tanks
 h
 L tanh 3.16 
tanh 0.866  mc
 0.264  L
mi
  h m h
m L L
0.866
h
 h
cosh 3.16   1.0
hi hc
 1  L
 0.375 for h / L  0.75 h h  h
h 3.16 sinh 3.16 
L  L
for h / L  0.75
0.09375
 0.5 
h/ L
 h
cosh 3.16   2.01
L hc *  L
hi *
0.866  1
 h  0.125 h h  h
h  L for h / L  1.33 3.16 sinh  3.16 
2 tanh 0.866  L  L
 h
 0.45 for h / L  1.33 mg  h

K c  0.833 tanh 2  3.16 
h  L
Modeling of liquid
 Note, in Table C-1 of the Guideline, there are two

typographical errors in these expressions
 For circular tank, first expression for hi/h shall have
limit as “for h/D  0.75”
 For circular tank, in the expression for hi*/h, there
shall be minus sign before 0.125
 These two errors have been corrected in the
expressions given in previous two slides
Modeling of liquid
 mi and mc are needed to find impulsive and

convective forces
 Impulsive force, Vi = mi x acceleration
 Convective force, Vc = mc x acceleration
Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc
Rigid m Vi
i
Modeling of liquid
 Vi and Vc will cause

 Bending Moment (BM) in wall
Modeling of liquid
 BM at bottom of wall
 BM due to Vi = Vi x hi
 BM due to Vc = Vc x hc
 Total BM is not necessarily Vi X hi+ Vc X hc
 More about this, later
Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc
hc Rigid m
i Vi
hi
Modeling of liquid
 Overturning of the container is due to pressure

on wall and base
 Pressure on base does not cause BM in wall
 Overturning Moment (OM) at tank bottom
 OM is at bottom of base slab
 Hence, includes effect of pressure on base
 Note the difference between bottom of wall and
bottom of base slab
Modeling of liquid
 OM at bottom of base slab

 OM due to Vi = Vi x hi*
 BM due to Vc = Vc x hc*
Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc
hc* Rigid m
i Vi
hi*
Modeling of liquid
 mi and mc will have different accelerations

 We yet do not know these accelerations
 ai = acceleration of mi
 ac = acceleration of mc
 Procedure to find acceleration, later
 Use of mi, mc, hi, hc, hi* and hc* in next example
 Acceleration values are assumed
Modeling of liquid
Example 5:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height of
water. Assuming impulsive mass acceleration of 0.3g and convective
mass acceleration of 0.1g, find seismic forces on tank. Solution:
Geometry of tank is same as in previous examples.
D = 8 m, h = 3m
From previous examples:
mi = 63.3 t mc = 84.5 t
hi = 1.125 m hc = 1.65 m
hi* = 3.3 m hc* = 3.0 m
Impulsive acceleration, ai = 0.3g = 0.3 x 9.81 = 2.94 m/sec2
Convective acceleration, ac = 0.1g = 0.1 x 9.81 = 0.98 m/sec2
Modeling of liquid
Example 5 (Contd..)
Impulsive force, Vi = mi x ai = 63.3 x 2.94 = 186.1 kN

Convective force, Vc = mc x ac = 84.5 x 0.98 = 82.8 kN
Bending moment at bottom of wall due to Vi = Vi x hi

= 186.1 x 1.125 = 209.4 kN-m
Bending moment at bottom of wall due to Vc = Vc x hc
= 82.8 x 1.65 = 136.6 kN-m
Overturning moment at bottom of base due to Vi = Vi x hi*
= 186.1 x 3.3 = 614.1 kN-m
Overturning moment at bottom of base due to Vc = Vc x hc*
= 82.8 x 3.0 = 248.4 kN-m
At the end of Lecture 1
 In seismic design, mechanical analogue of tanks
are used, wherein, liquid is replaced by
impulsive & convective masses
 These masses and their points of application
depend on aspect ratio
 Graphs and expressions are available to find all
these quantities
 These are based on work of Housner (1963a)

Tanks Lecture1

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Lecture 1

January 17, 2006

 Ground supported tanks

 Petrochemical industries use ground supported

 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 is for buildings only

 Summation of pressure along entire wall surface

Circular tanks (Plan View)

Note:- Hydrostatic pressure is axisymmetric; hydrodynamic is asymmetric

Rectangular tanks (Plan View)

Hydrostatic pressure Hydrodynamic pressure

Net resultant force = zero Net resultant force ≠ zero

 Static design: Hydrostatic pressure is considered

 Seismic design: Hydrodynamic pressure is

 Procedure for hydrodynamic pressure & force:

 At this point, we will not go into details of

 Total liquid mass, m, gets divided into two parts:

 Impulsive force = mi x acceleration

 Housner suggested graphs for mi and mc

For circular tanks For rectangular tanks

 See next slide for definition of h, D, and L

Plan of Circular tank

Note:- mass density of water is 1000 kg/m3; weight density of water is

From graph, for h/D = 0.375

mi = 0.42 x 150.8 = 63.3 t and

 Impulsive liquid is rigidly attached to wall

Kc/2 Kc/2 Convective liquid

Rigid m Impulsive liquid

 Stiffness associated with convective mass, Kc

Note: - Unit of m is kg, hence unit of Kc is N/m. If we take m in ton, then

 Now, we know liquid masses mi and mc

 Impulsive mass acts at centroid of impulsive

 hi, hc can be obtained from graphs

For circular tanks For rectangular tanks

From graph, for h/D = 0.375;

Note :- Since convective pressure is more in top portion, hc > hi.

 Hydrodynamic pressure also acts on base

Hydrostatic pressure on base Hydrodynamic pressure on base

 Impulsive as well as convective liquid cause

Overturning effect Overturning effect

Note:- Both the overturning effects are in the same direction

 Total overturning effect of wall and base

resultant was applied at hi

Location of resultant of wall Location of Resultant of wall

 Similarly, hc and hc* are defined

Location of resultant of wall

 hi and hi* are such that

 hc and hc* are such that

 hi* is greater than hi

 This completes modeling of liquid

mi = Impulsive liquid mass

 0.45 for h / D  1.33

 0.45 for h / L  1.33 mg  h

 Note, in Table C-1 of the Guideline, there are two

 mi and mc are needed to find impulsive and

 Vi and Vc will cause

 Overturning of the container is due to pressure

 OM at bottom of base slab

 mi and mc will have different accelerations

Impulsive force, Vi = mi x ai = 63.3 x 2.94 = 186.1 kN

Bending moment at bottom of wall due to Vi = Vi x hi

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