THE

LAYERS
OF THE EARTH
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the
only astronomical object known to harbor life.
According to radiometric dating and other sources of
evidence, Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago. Earth's
gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the
Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite.
 CRUST

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf
planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying
mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be
distinguished based on its phase.
v

IGNEOUS ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 CONTINENTAL CRUST
• Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to
their shores, known as continental shelves.
 OCEANIC CRUST
• Oceanic crust is about 6 km (4 miles) thick. It is composed of several
layers, not including the overlying sediment. The topmost layer, about 500
meters (1,650 feet) thick, includes lavas made of basalt (that is, rock material
consisting largely of plagioclase [feldspar] and pyroxene).
• feldspar- an abundant rock-forming mineral typically occurring as colorless or pale-colored crystals and consisting of alum
inosilicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium.
• Pyroxene-any of a large class of rock-forming silicate minerals, generally containing calcium, magnesium, and iron and typically
occurring as prismatic crystals.
 MANTLE
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above
by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and
most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of
planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.
 UPPER MANTLE
• The mantle is a layer of the Earth between the crust and the core. ... The upper
mantle can be divided into the thin layer that, together with the crust, is called the
lithosphere and the hot, fluid asthenosphere below the lithosphere. This lower layer is
responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.
• -lithosphere-the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
• -asthenosphere-the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to
plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.
 LOWER MANTLE
• The lower mantle represents approximately 56% of the Earth's total volume
and is located 660–2900 km below the Earth's surface in between the
transition zone and the outer core. The Preliminary reference Earth model
separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost and mid-lower
mantle, and the D" layer.
 OUTER CORE
• Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km thick and composed of
mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its
mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km beneath Earth's surface.
 INNER CORE
• Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth. It is primarily
a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometers, which is about 20% of
the Earth's radius and 70% of the Moon's radius. There are no samples of
the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's
mantle.
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