INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

DR. zunaira mazhar

 SKIN INFECTIONS

 BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS.

 VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS.
 FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS.
 PARASITICS SKIN INFECTIONS.
 BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS

 CELLULITIS.
 IMPETIGO.
 BOILS.
 LEPROSY.
CELLULITIS:
Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection. Cellulitis
may first appear as a red, swollen area that feels hot and tender to the
touch. The redness and swelling often spread rapidly. Cellulitis is
usually painful.
If cellulitis isn’t treated, the infection might spread and become
life-threatening. You should get medical help right away if you
experience the symptoms of cellulitis.
 an acute infection of the dermis and underlying connective
tissue
 cellulitis is characterized by inflammation but specifically by
what 4 things
 redness, tenderness, warmth, edematous skin
SYMPTOMS OF CELLULITIS:
 pain and tenderness in the affected area.
 redness or inflammation of your skin.
 a skin sore or rash that appears and grows quickly.
 a tight, glossy, swollen appearance of the skin.
 a feeling of warmth in the affected area.
 a central area that has an abscess with pus formation.
 a fever.
SYSTEMIC CLINICAL MANIFESTAIONS OF
CELLULITIS
 FEVER, MALAISE, CHILLS, TACHYCARDIA, AND LOW BP.
Which bacteria

 Bacterial infections, usually by

Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus
pyogenes and group A beta-hemolytic
streptococci
 Area,gender

 Cellulitis occurs most commonly in the lower

extremities but can also affect the scalp, face, and
perianal area.
The disease affects males and females equally,
occurring most frequently among middle-aged and
older adults.
RISK FACTORS FOR CELLULITIS:


AGING, IMMUNOCOMPROMISE, DIABETES, CHICKEN
POX & SHINGLES

WHY DOES AGING PUT YOU AT RISK
FOR CELLULITIS


 BECAUSE OF LESS EFFECTIVE CIRCULATION & IMMUNE

SYSTEM FUNCTION.
WHY DOES being IMMUNOCOMPROMISE PUT
YOU AT RISK FOR CELLULITIS

 DUE TO HIV, CANCER, OR CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS

Why does CHICKEN POX & SHINGLES
PUT YOU AT RISK FOR CELLULITIS

 CAUSES CHRONIC SWELLING BECAUSE EDEMA CAUSES

IMPAIRED SKIN INTEGRITY.
 CELLULITIS
 Management


 KEEPING THE CLIENT ON BEDREST WITH THE AFFECTED

AREA ELEVATED AND APPLYING WARM COMPRESSES.
 ANTIBIOTICS
Complications

 Sepsis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Progression of cellulitis
Local abscesses
Thrombophlebitis
Lymphangitis
Amputation
diagnosis
HOW IS CELLULITIS DIAGNOSED?
HOW IS CELLULITIS DIAGNOSED?
hhh

 BY THE CLINICAL APPEARANCE OF THE AFFECTED

AREA.THE WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT AND THE SED RATE
WILL BE INCREASED
WITH TREATMENT THE CELLULITIS USU.
RESOLVES WITHIN???


 2 WEEKS.
IMPETIGO:
Common in children.
Itchy rash and fluid filled blisters that pop easily.
Swollen lymph nodes.
 pruritus , seen on face especially mouth
 honey crusted, reddened face
 Highly contagious, superficial, gram-positive bacterial
infection of the superficial skin layers(epidermis)
 Most commonly appearing on face, arms, and legs

 Types

 Nonbullous Impetigo
 Bullous Impetigo
Nonbullous Impetigo

 Eruption occurs when bacteria inoculate traumatized skin

cells.
Lesions begin as small vesicles, which rapidly erode.
Honey-colored crusts form, surrounded by erythema.
Bullous impetigo

 Lesions begin as thin-walled bullae and vesicles.

-Causes

 Mixed infections of streptococci and staphylococci

Treatment

 Systemic antibiotics
(penicillin,erythromycin)
Topical antibiotics
Gentle cleansing
BOILS:
Furuncle is another word for a boil. Boils are bacterial or fungal
infections of hair follicles. The infected hair follicle can be on any part
of your body, not only your scalp. When the hair follicle becomes
infected, the skin around it becomes inflamed. The furuncle looks like
a red, raised bump on your skin and will rupture and weep fluid.
Furuncles are most commonly found on the face and neck. You
might also develop a boil on your thigh or buttocks.
SYMPTOMS OF FURUNCLE:
 A furuncle may begin as a benign-looking bump on your skin,
similar to a pimple. However, as the infection worsens, the boil can
become hard and painful. Bacteria and dead skin cells may build
up under the skin, forming pus. Pressure builds, which may cause
the furuncle to burst and release its fluids.
 The pain is usually at its worst right before a furuncle ruptures and
will most likely improve after it drains.
 The most common bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus, hence why
furuncles can also be called staph infections.
 a painful sore with a pus filled core
 what is boils commonly caused by?
 Staphylococcus aureus
Treatment:

 Apply warm compresses and soak the boil in warm water. This
will decrease the pain and help draw the pus to the surface. ...
 When the boil starts draining, wash it with an antibacterial
soap until all the pus is gone and clean with rubbing alcohol.
...
 Do not pop the boil with a needle.
LEPROSY:
Leprosy is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection caused by
the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the nerves of
the extremities, the lining of the nose, and the upper respiratory tract.
Leprosy produces skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness. If
it isn’t treated, it can cause severe disfigurement and significant
disability.
caused by

 chronic infectious disease

- Mycobacterium leprae , an acid fast, rod shaped bacillus.
- mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa of the
respiratory tract etc.
Signs and Symptoms of leprosy:


First symptoms
1- Numbness
2- loss of temperature sensation

As the disease progresses

The sensations of touch, then pain, and eventually deep
pressure are decreased or lost
 - Relatively painless ulcers
- skin lesions of hypopigmented macules (flat, pale areas of
skin),
- eye damage (dryness, reduced blinking)

Late stage
large ulcerations, loss of digits, and facial disfigurement.
(for example, hands, feet, face, and knees)
 Mode of transmission for Leprosy:
 Droplet transmission
 What are the most common complications
in the extremities due to leprosy
 plantar ulceration(hands), footdrop also
 : clawing of 4th and 5th fingers
What are the most common complication
in the nose and eyes from leprosy?

 Nose: chronic nasal congestion , epistaxis

 , Eyes: corneal insensitivity
treatment

 glucocorticoids (like prednisone)

 PARASITICS SKIN INFECTION

 LICE.
 BUD BUGS.
 SCABIES.
LICE:
Lice are tiny insects called parasites that spread by personal
contact, as well as by sharing belongings. Children are
particularly likely to catch and spread lice.
SYMPTOMS:
 Itchiness.
 A tickling feeling of something moving on your head, hair, or
body.
 Sores that develop from scratching itches.
 Irritability.
 Difficulty sleeping.
 Red bumps on your head, neck, shoulders, or pubic area.
 The appearance of lice eggs, or small white objects in your hair.
TREATMENT:
 Malathion, which you rub into your hair and scalp before rinsing
off
 Benzyl alcohol lotion, which is a lotion that you apply to your hair
and scalp for 10 minutes before rinsing off
 Lindane shampoo
BED BUGS:
Bed bugs are small, flat, oval-shaped insects. They do not have wings and rely on
humans to carry them from one place to the next. Bed bugs are a reddish-brown
color and can be between 1 and 7 millimeters. They feed on blood from humans or
animals, and they’re most active at night, feeding on their victims while they sleep.
TREATMENT:
 Bed bugs are more annoying than they are dangerous or deadly.
The symptoms of a bite typically disappear in one to two weeks.
 anti-itch cream to keep yourself from itching the bite.
 antihistamine to help reduce the itching and burning.
 Ice packs can help numb the skin and reduce your urge to scratch.
 antiseptic cream or lotion if you get an infection.
SCABIES:
Scabies is a skin infestation caused by a
mite known as the Sarcoptes scabiei.
Untreated, these microscopic mites can live
on your skin for months.
They reproduce on the surface of
your skin and then burrow into it and lay eggs.
This causes an
itchy, red rash to form on the skin.
 an itchy, highly contagious skin disease caused by an infestation
by the itch mite
 the itch mite
 Sarcoptes scabiei.

 -Risk Factors
 Overcrowded living conditions
Poor hygiene
Day-care or institutional setting
Immunosuppression
 Scabies is common in young adults
 It most commonly occurs in the fall and winter in developed
countries
 way to transmit the disease
 Direct skin-to-skin contact is the mode of transmission.
 sexual contact
 the most common form of transmission among sexually active
young people, and scabies has been considered by many to be a
sexually transmitted disease (STD), although not all cases are
transmitted sexually.
sign and symptom of scabies

 Scabies causes intensely pruritic lesions with erythematous

papules and burrows in web spaces, wrists, waistline, and
genitals.

 include a skin rash composed of small red bumps and blisters

that affects specific areas of the body. Other symptoms can
include tiny red burrows on the skin and relentless itching. The
itch leads to frequent scratching, which may predispose the
skin to secondary infections.
TREATMENT:
 Permethrin cream, 5 percent (Elimite). Permethrin is a topical
cream that contains chemicals that kill scabies mites and their eggs.
 Lindane lotion.
 Crotamiton (Eurax).
 Ivermectin (Stromectol).