INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

DR. UZMA NAZ

 SKIN INFECTIONS
• BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS.
• VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS.
• FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS.
• PARASITICS SKIN INFECTIONS.
 BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS

• CELLULITIS.
• IMPETIGO.
• BOILS.
• LEPROSY.
 CELLULITIS

• an acute infection of the dermis and underlying connective tissue

• Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection. Cellulitis may first
appear as a red, swollen area that feels hot and tender to the touch.
The redness and swelling often spread rapidly. Cellulitis is usually
painful.
• If cellulitis isn’t treated, the infection might spread and become
life-threatening.
SYMPTOMS OF CELLULITIS:
• pain and tenderness in the affected area.
• redness or inflammation of skin.
• a skin sore or rash that appears and grows
quickly.
• a tight, glossy, swollen appearance of the
skin.
• a feeling of warmth in the affected area.
• a central area that has an abscess with pus
formation.
• a fever.
Systemic clinical manifestations of cellulitis
• Fever, Malaise, Chills, Tachycardia, And Low Bp
Causes
• Bacterial infections, usually by Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus
pyogenes and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
• Cellulitis occurs most commonly in the lower extremities but can also
affect the scalp, face, and perianal area.
The disease affects males and females equally, occurring most frequently
among middle-aged and older adults.
Complications
• Sepsis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Progression of cellulitis
Local abscesses
Thrombophlebitis
Lymphangitis
Amputation
 IMPETIGO

• Common in children.
• Itchy rash and fluid filled blisters that pop easily.
• pruritus , seen on face especially mouth honey
crusted, reddened face
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• Highly contagious, superficial, gram-positive bacterial
infection of the superficial skin layers(epidermis)
• Most commonly appearing on face, arms, and legs
 BOILS

Furuncle is another word for a boil.

Boils are bacterial or fungal infections of hair
follicles. The infected hair follicle can be on
any part of the body. When the hair follicle
becomes infected, the skin around it becomes
inflamed.
The furuncle looks like a red, raised bump on
the skin and will rupture and ooze fluid.
Furuncles are most commonly found on the
face and neck. They can also occur on thigh or
buttocks.
SYMPTOMS OF FURUNCLE:

• A furuncle may begin as a benign-looking bump on the skin, similar

to a pimple. However, as the infection worsens, the boil can become
hard and painful. Bacteria and dead skin cells may build up under
the skin, forming pus. Pressure builds, which may cause the furuncle
to burst and release its fluids.
• The pain is usually at its worst right before a furuncle ruptures and
will most likely improve after it drains.
• The most common bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus, hence why
furuncles can also be called staph infections.
LEPROSY
Leprosy is a chronic, progressive
bacterial infection caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium leprae.
It primarily affects the nerves of the
extremities, the lining of the nose, and the
upper respiratory tract.
Leprosy produces skin sores, nerve damage,
and muscle weakness.
If it isn’t treated, it can cause severe
disfigurement and significant disability.
Signs and Symptoms of leprosy:

First symptoms
1- Numbness
2- loss of temperature sensation

As the disease progresses

The sensations of touch, then pain, and eventually deep pressure are
decreased or lost
- Relatively painless ulcers
- skin lesions of hypopigmented macules (flat, pale areas of skin),
- eye damage (dryness, reduced blinking)
- Late stage
large ulcerations, loss of digits, and facial disfigurement.
• Mode of transmission for Leprosy: Droplet transmission
Common complications in the extremities
due to leprosy

• plantar ulceration(hands), footdrop

• clawing of 4th and 5th fingers
common complication in the nose and eyes
from leprosy

• Nose: chronic nasal congestion , epistaxis

• Eyes: corneal insensitivity
 VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS
• SHINGLES(HERPES ZOSTER).
• VARICELLA(CHICKENPOX).
• MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM.
• WARTS.
• MEASLES.
 SHINGLES (HERPES ZOSTER)

Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-

zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes
chickenpox. Even after the chickenpox infection is
over, the virus may live in nervous system for
years before reactivating as shingles. Shingles
may also be referred to as herpes zoster.
This type of viral infection is characterized by a red skin rash that can
cause pain and burning. Shingles usually appears as a stripe of blisters
on one side of the body, typically on the torso, neck, or face.
Most cases of shingles clear up within two to three weeks.
Shingles rarely occurs more than once in the same person.
 CHICKENPOX

Chickenpox, also called varicella, is characterized

by itchy red blisters or papules that appear all
over the body. Varicella zoster virus causes this
condition.
It often affects children, and was so common it
was considered a childhood rite of passage.
It’s very rare to have the chickenpox infection
more than once.
And since the chickenpox vaccine was introduced
in the mid-1990s, cases have declined.
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSM

Viral disorder(DNA poxvirus).

Children and Adolescents.
Direct contact.
Dome shaped, flesh, white to pink colour.
VERRUCA
VULGARIS(COMMON WART)

Benign papilloma.
HPV.
Rough, Grainy appearance, Rounded top.
• Warts are elevated, round, hyperkeratotic skin papules with a rough
grayish-white or light brown surface.
• Although lesions may occur anywhere, they have a tendency to occur
at sites prone to trauma, such as knees and elbows, hands and fingers
• They are most common in children and young adults.
 MEASLES

• Measles, or rubeola, is a viral infection of the respiratory system.

• Measles is a very contagious disease that can spread through contact
with infected mucus and saliva. An infected person can release the
infection into the air when they cough or sneeze.
• The measles virus can live on surfaces for several hours. As the
infected particles enter the air and settle on surfaces, anyone within
close proximity can become infected.
• Drinking from an infected person’s glass, or sharing eating utensils
with an infected person, increases risk of infection.
• Three to five days after symptoms begin, a rash breaks out. It usually
begins as flat red spots that appear on the face at the hairline and
spread downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Small
raised bumps may also appear on top of the flat red spots.
• maculopapular rash, red-brown in color
 FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS
• ATHELE’S FOOT.
• YEAST INFECTION.
• RINGWORM.
• NAIL FUNGUS.
ATHELET’S FOOT:
Athlete’s foot — also called tinea pedis —
is a contagious fungal infection that affects
the skin on the feet. It can also spread to the
toenails and the hands. The fungal infection
is called athlete’s foot because it’s commonly
seen in athletes.
Athlete’s foot isn’t serious, but sometimes
it’s hard to cure, esp with diabetes or a
weakened immune system.
YEAST INFECTION:

Yeast (Candida) is a fungus that can live almost

anywhere. It’s found naturally in our body, but
our immune system keeps it from growing out
of control. When too much yeast multiplies, it
causes an infection.
It commonly occurs as a superficial infection on
mucous membranes in the mouth or vagina
RINGWORM

Ringworm, also known as

dermatophytosis or tinea, is a fungal infection
of the skin. The name “ringworm” is a
misnomer, since the infection is caused by a
fungus, not a worm.
Ringworm infection can affect both
humans and animals. The infection initially
presents with red patches on affected areas of
the skin and later spreads to other parts of the
body. The infection may affect the skin of the
scalp, feet, groin, beard, or other areas.
FUNGAL NAIL INFECTION

Scaling under the nail.

Flaking white areas on the nails surface.
Crumbling corner or tip of the nail.
 PARASITICS SKIN INFECTION

• LICE.
• BED BUGS.
• SCABIES.
 LICE

Lice are tiny insects called parasites

that spread by personal contact, as
well as by sharing belongings. Children
are particularly likely to catch and
spread lice.
SYMPTOMS:
Itchiness.
A tickling feeling of something moving on head, hair, or body.
Sores that develop from scratching itches.
Irritability.
Difficulty sleeping.
Red bumps on head, neck, shoulders, or pubic area.
The appearance of lice eggs, or small white objects in hair.
TREATMENT:

Malathion, which is rubbed into hair and scalp before rinsing off
Benzyl alcohol lotion, which is a lotion that you apply to your hair
and scalp for 10 minutes before rinsing off
Lindane shampoo
 BED BUGS

Bed bugs are small, flat, oval-shaped insects. They do not have wings and rely on
humans to carry them from one place to the next. Bed bugs are a reddish-brown
color and can be between 1 and 7 millimeters. They feed on blood from humans or
animals, and they’re most active at night, feeding on their victims while they sleep.
TREATMENT:

Bed bugs are more annoying than they are dangerous or deadly. The
symptoms of a bite typically disappear in one to two weeks.
anti-itch cream to keep yourself from itching the bite.
antihistamine to help reduce the itching and burning.
Ice packs can help numb the skin and reduce your urge to scratch.
antiseptic cream or lotion if you get an infection.
SCABIES
Scabies is a skin infestation caused by a
mite known as the Sarcoptes scabiei.
Untreated, these microscopic mites can live
on skin for months.
They reproduce on the surface of
skin and then burrow into it and lay eggs.
This causes an itchy, red rash to form
on the skin.
TREATMENT:

Permethrin cream, 5 percent (Elimite). Permethrin is a topical cream

that contains chemicals that kill scabies mites and their eggs.
Lindane lotion.
Crotamiton (Eurax).
Ivermectin (Stromectol).