SOLIDS

Solids are classified & arranged in to two major groups.

Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called apex.

Cylinder Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
 SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
Type of lines:

Visible edges: Continuous lines

Hidden edges: Dashed lines

Axis: Centre line (a line with one long dash

and a short dash sequentially)
 Resting on H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On its base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to HP (Axis inclined to HP (Axis inclined to HP
And // to VP.) And // to VP) And // to VP)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing FV, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (HP)

X While observing TV, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (VP) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

Has its base on VP One point of the base

One generator on the VP
circle on the VP
Axis perpendicular to VP Axis inclined to VP Axis inclined to VP
And // to HP And // to HP And // to HP
 Problem 1. A square pyramid, 40 mm base sides and axis 60 mm long,
has a triangular face on the ground and the vertical plane containing the
axis makes an angle of 450 with the VP. Draw its projections. Take apex
nearer to VP. (Procedure on next two slides)

o’
b’1
a’ b’ a’1

Y
X a’b’ c’d’ d’1 c’1 o’1
c’ d’
a1
a d d1 a1

o1
o
b c c1 b1 (APEX
NEARER (APEX
TO V.P). AWAY
Refer tips on next to next slide FROM V.P.)
Solution Steps :

1. Assume initial position with base on HP. Its TV will

show true shape of the base (square).
2. Draw square of 40 mm sides in TV with one side ┴ to
xy. Now project FV by using length of axis 50 mm.
4. Name all points as shown in illustration.
5. Draw 2nd FV by aligning o’c’d’ face with xy. Now
project its TV.
6.Visible edges to be represented by continuous lines and
hidden edges by dashed lines. (Refer next slide)
7. Now redraw TV by keeping the top view of the axis 450
to xy with apex nearer to xy. Project final FV.
Type of lines:

Visible edges: Continuous lines

Hidden edges: Dashed lines
Axis: Centre line (a line with one long dash
and a short dash sequentially)

Tips to decide the visible and hidden edges:

1. First of all draw the edges forming the boundary of the

view with continuous lines.
2. Decide direction of an observer. Select nearest point to
observer. Lines beginning from this point will be visible.
3. Lines beginning from the farther points will be hidden if
they are lying inside the boundary.
 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps:
STEP 1: ASSUME BASE OF SOLID // TO OR ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION.
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT TO STAY VERTICAL WITH BASE ON or // TO HP)
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT TO STAY HORIZONTAL WITH BASE ON or // TO VP)
IF THE BASE IS // TO HP - ITS TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF ITS BASE OR TOP:
IF THE BASE IS // TO VP - ITS FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF ITS BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW:
ITS OTHER VIEW WILL HAVE RECTANGULAR BOUNDARY IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE PRISMS):
ITS OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGULAR BOUNDARY IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE PYRAMIDS):

STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION (AXIS POSITION) DRAW ITS FV & TV.
STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW ITS FINAL FV & TV.

GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:

GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID. GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS INCLINED HP INCLINED HP
AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP

er AXIS er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP INCLINED AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP AXIS INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP
VP

Three steps Three steps Three steps Three steps

If solid is inclined to HP If solid is inclined to HP If solid is inclined to VP If solid is inclined to VP
Problem 6: A tetrahedron of 50
mm long edges is resting on In initial position one of the views should give
one edge on HP while one true shape of one face, i.e. one of the faces of
triangular face containing this tetrahedron needs to be parallel to one ref.
edge is vertical and 450 inclined plane. Since it is resting on one of the edges on
to VP. Draw projections. HP, its one edge should be perpendicular to VP
while one face in the HP in the initial position.
IMPORTANT:
Tetrahedron is a o’1
special type o’
of triangular TL
pyramid in which a’1
900
there are four
a’ b’ c’1 b’1
identical equilateral c’
triangular faces. Its X 450 Y
c c1
all edges are equal.
Like cube it is also
described by One a o a1 o1
dimension only.
Axis length
generally not given. b b1
Problem 2:
Solution Steps:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis 1. Assume it standing on HP.
is resting on one generator on HP 2. Its TV will show True Shape of base (circle)
which makes 300 inclination with VP 3. Draw 40mm dia. Circle as TV &
taking 50 mm axis project FV. (a triangle)
Draw its projections. 4. Name all points as shown in illustration.
5. Draw 2nd FV in lying position i.e. o’e’ on xy. and
In the views where the base is seen project its TV below xy.
as an oval, join the apex 6. Then redraw TV at given inclination with VP
tangentially with the oval (generator o1e1 300 to xy as shown) & project final FV.
base.
o’
a’1
h’1 b’1

g’1

f’1 c’1
X a’ h’b’ c’ g f’ d’ e’ o’
e’1 d’1 Y o1
30
’
g g1
g1 o1
h f f1 h1 h1
f1 a1
a e e1 a1 o1
e1 b1

b d d1 b1
d1
c c1 c1
Q Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long,
resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P. with the axis inclined at 45º to the V.P.
As the axis is to be inclined with the VP, in the first view it must be kept perpendicular to the
VP i.e. true shape of the base will be drawn in the FV with one side on XY line. This also
gives true length of the axis in the TV.

b’ 2’
b1’ 21’

a’ 1’ c’ 3’ a1’ 31’
c1’ 11’

X e’ 5’ d’ 4’ e1’ d1’ 41’ Y

45º 51’
25 c
d
d
a e b c b
e
a
3
50

4
2
5
1
1 5 2 4 3