JUDGEMENT

and
PROPOSITION
 What is Judgement?
o It is the second division in logic / second act of intellect.
o It comes from the infinitive verb of the Latin word “iudicare” or in English “to judge”
o Which means a mental act which affirms or denies something.
o Uses the connective ‘or’ , not ‘and’.

Infinitive verb – is a verb with the word “to” in front of it.

Connective – a word or group of words that joins two or more
propositions together to form a connective proposition.

2
 Components of Judgement

⊷ The existence of two concepts: the subject and the predicate.

⊷ The comparison of these two concepts: manifests a process of

knowing the relationship existing two concepts.

⊷ The pronouncement agreement or disagreement: embodies the

principle behind the true essence of judgement.

3
 Example:
The term “lady” and the term “beautiful “ are neither true or false.

But when intellect compares these two terms and expresses

whether they agree or disagree in a statement, then we can say
whether the statement is true or false.

Thus, the sentence “The lady is beautiful” could now be said to be

true or false.

The intellect making judgement therefore either affirms or denies.

4
 What is Proposition?
o Is an external sign of a judgement.
o It is a sentence that affirms or denies something about a certainty
reality or object.
o A declarative sentence.
o It is an assertive or denial; positive or negative; true or false.

Example:
“Love has four letters”
 This example affirms the fact that “love” really has four letters, and this
becomes logical statement or proposition.

5
 In English grammar there are four kinds of sentences.

Declarative or Proposition Imperative

 It is one that states a fact.  It is one that gives a
 It asserts or denies command or request.
something.
Example: Example:
Logic is the science and act of correct reasoning. Please closed the door gently.

Interrogative Exclamatory
 It is one that asks a  It is one that expresses a
question. strong feeling.
Example: Example:
When is your birthday? What an awesome God he has!

6
 Elements of a Logical Statement
SUBJECT
(S)

A term which is to be COPULA

affirmed or denied. PREDICATE
(P)
Is the one who is
joining the subject and
Joins, unites or the predicate. Is that which is to be
“copulates” affirmed or denied of the
- is, am & are subject.
(negative copula)
Separates or -is not, am not &are not
divides
7
Example:

“A dog is an animal” “A dog is not a cat”

Dogs

DOG CAT
Pigs ANIMAL Birds

Rats