What did you

learn in school
today?
 What is the basic
purpose of
EDUCATION?
• The transmission of knowledge
What is EDUCATION before
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
•It was a family responsibility, along
with the community and the
church.
How about in the time of
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
•SCHOOLS became necessary when
cultural complexity created a need for
specialized knowledge and skill which
could not be easily acquired in the
family, church and community.
•The complexity of modern life has not
diminished the teaching function of
the family, but it has added the need
for many types of instruction which
require specialized educational
agencies like school, college, or
universities
 FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
•McNergeney and Herbert(2001)
described the school as first and
foremost a social institution, that
is, an established organization
having an identifiable structure
and a set of functions meant to
preserve and extend social order.
FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
•The SCHOOL is a place for
the contemplation of
reality, and our task as
teachers, in simplest terms,
is to show this reality to
our students, who are
naturally eager about
them.
FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
•at HOME, we teach reality to
children in a profoundly
personal, informal, and
unstructured way.
•in SCHOOL, we teach reality
in professional, formal and
structured way.
Purposes of SCHOOLing
•INTELLECTUAL purposes
•POLITICAL purposes
•SOCIAL purposes
•ECONOMIC purposes
 INTELLECTUAL purposes
•to teach the basic cognitive skills
such as reading, writing, and
mathematics; to transmit specific
knowledge, for example in literature,
history and sciences; and to help
students acquire higher-order
thinking skills such as analysis,
evaluation, and synthesis.
 POLITICAL purposes
•to inculcate allegiance to the
existing political order
(patriotism); to prepare
citizens who will participate in
the political order; to help
assimilate diverse cultural
groups into a common
political order; and to teach
children the basic law of
society.
 SOCIAL purposes
•to socialize children into the various
roles, behaviors, and values of the
society.
 ECONOMIC purposes
•to prepare students for
their later occupational
roles and to select, train,
and allocate individuals
into the devision of labor.
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
by Ying Cheong Cheng(1996)
•Technical-economic functions
•Human/Social functions
•Political functions
•Cultural functions
•Education functions
Technical-economic functions
•they refer to the contributions of
schools to the technical or
economic development and
needs of the individual, the
institution, the local community,
the society and the international
community.
•At the Individual level
 Schools can help students to acquire
knowledge and skills necessary to survive and
compete in the modern society and provide
staff job training and opportunity.
•At the Institutional level
Schools are service organizations providing
quality service
They serve as a life place or work place of
society for clients , employers and all those
concerned.
• At the Community and Society level
School serve the economic or instrumental needs of the
local community.
Modify or shape the economic behaviors or
students(future customers and citizens)(McMahon,1987)
Contribute to the development and stability of the
manpower structure of the economy(Hinchliffe, 1987)
•At the International level
School education supplies the high quality forces
necessary in international competitions, economic
cooperation, earth protection and technology and
information exchange.
 Human/social functions
•they refer to the contribution of schools
to human development and social
relationships at different levels of the
society.
•At the Individual level
 schools help develop students to develop
their potentials psychologically, socially, and
physically.
•At the Institutional level
a school is a social system composed
of different human relationships.
to provide the environment of
quality.
• At the Community and Society level
(Cheng, 1991)
Schools serve the social needs or functions of the
local community,
 Support social integration of multiple and diverse
constituencies of society,
 Facilitate the social mobility within the existing
social class structure
Select and allocate competent people to
appropriate roles and position,
 Contribute to social change and development in
the long run
• At the International level
(Beare & Hunt, 1995)
Due to the growing global consciousness,
Schools are expected to play an important
role in preparing students for international
harmony, social cooperation, global
human relationship and elimination of
national, regional, racial and gender
biases.
 Political functions
•they refer to the contribution
of schools to the political
development at different
levels of society.
• At the Individual level
 Schools help student to develop positive civic
attitudes and skills to exercise the rights and
responsibilities of citizenship.
• At the Institutional level
 Schools act as a place for systematically socializing
students into a set of political norms, values, and
beliefs, or for critically discussing and reflecting on
the existing political events.
Schools often become a political coalition of
teachers, parents, and students that can contribute
to the stability of the political power structure.
•At the Community and Society level
Schools play an important role to serve the
political needs of the local community
Maintain the stability of the political structure
Promote awareness and movement of
democracy
 Facilitate the planned political development
and changes
•At the International level
 The growing awareness of international
dependence reinforces the need for the
contribution of school education common
to international interest, understanding,
international coalitions, global peace
movement against war, and eliminations of
conflicts between region and nations.
 Cultural functions
•they refer to the contribution
of schools to the cultural
transmission and development
at different levels of society.
• At the Individual level
 Schools help students to develop their creativity
and aesthetic awareness and to be socialized with
the successful norms, values, and beliefs of society.
• At the Institutional level
 Schools act as a place for systematic cultural
transmission to and reproduction of the next
generation, cultural integration among the multiple
and diverse constituencies, and cultural
revitalization of the outdated poor traditions.
•At the Community and Society level
Schools often serve as a cultural unit carrying the
explicit norms and expectations of the local
community,
Revitalize the strengths of the existing culture such
that the society or nation can reduce internal
conflicts and wastage.
Transmit all the important values and artifacts of
society to students
Integrate the diverse subcultures from different
background
Build up a unifying force for national conflicts.
•At the International level
 Schools can encourage appreciation of
cultural diversity and acceptance of different
norms, traditions, values, and beliefs in
different countries and regions, and finally
contribute to the development of global
culture through integration of different
cultures.
 Education functions
•they refer to the contribution of
schools to the development and
maintenance of education at the
different level of society.
• At the Individual level
 It is important for schools to help students how to
learn and help teachers to learn how to teach
Facilitating teachers’ professional development
• At the Institutional level
 School serve as a systematic place for a systematic
learning, teaching, and disseminating knowledge,
and as a center for systematically experimenting and
implementing educational changes and
developments
•At the Community and Society
level
Schools provide service for different
educational needs of the local community
Facilitate development of education
professions and education structures
Disseminate knowledge and information to
the next generation,
 Contribute to the formation of learning
society
•At the International level
 In order to promote mutual understanding
among nations and build “build up a global
family” for the younger generation, schools can
contribute to the development of global
education and international education exchange
and cooperation
Schools can make an important contribution to
education for the whole world
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
(Javier et al, 2002)

•The manifest functions of education

are the open and intended goals or
consequences of activities within an
organization or institution.
• There re six major manifest functions of education
on society, to wit:
Social control
Socialization
Social Placement
Transmitting Culture
Promoting Social and Political
Integration
Agent of Change
 Social control
•Schools are responsible for teaching
values such as discipline, respect,
obedience, punctuality, and perseverance.
•Schools teach conformity by encouraging
young people to be good students,
conscientious, future workers, and low-
abiding citizens.
 Socialization
•From kindergarten through college, schools
teach students the student role, specific
academic subjects, and political socialization
•In the primary and secondary schools, students
are taught specific subject matter appropriate
to their age, skill level and previous education
experience
•In the college level, students focus on more
detailed knowledge of subjects that they have
previously studied while also being exposed to
the new areas of study and research
 Social Placement

•Schools are responsible for identifying

the most qualified people to fill available
positions in society.
 Transmitting Culture
• As a social institution, education performs a rather
conservable function – transmitting the dominant
culture
• Through schooling, each generation of young
people is exposed to the existing beliefs, norms
and values of our culture
• We learn respect for social control and reverence
for established institutions such as religion, the
family, and the government
 Promoting Social and Political
Integration
•Education serves the latent function of
promoting political and social integration by
transforming its population composed of
diverse ethnic and religious groups into a
society whose members share – to some
extent at least – a common identity.
 Agent of Change
• Education can stimulate or bring about desired social
change
• It promotes social change by serving as meeting
ground where each society’s distinctive beliefs and
traditions can be shared
• Numerous sociological studies have revealed the
increased years of formal schooling are associated
with openness to new ideas and more liberal social
and political viewpoints.(Schaefer and Lamm, 1922)
 LATENT FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLS
All social institutions including education have some
Latent Functions, the hidden, unstated, and
sometimes unintended consequences of activities
within an organization or institution. These functions
are: • Restricting some Activities
• Matchmaking and Production of
Social networks.
• Creation of Generation Gap
 Restricting some Activities
• In our society there are laws that require
children to attend school or complete a
primary and secondary education
•Keep students off the street and out of the
fulltime job market for a number of years, by
helping keep unemployment within
reasonable bounds.
 Matchmaking and Production of
Social networks
• Because school brings together people of
similar ages, social class, and race, young
people often meet future marriage partners
and develop social networks that may last for
many years
 Creation of Generation Gap
•Students may learn information in school that
contradicts beliefs held by their parents or
their religion
•A generation gap is created when education
conflicts with parental attitudes and beliefs
Functions of Schools
( Calderon, 1998)
•CONSERVATION FUNCTION
•INSTRUCTIONAL FUNCTION
•RESEARCH FUNCTION
•SOCIAL SERVICE FUNCTION
1. CONSERVATION FUNCTION-the school
conserves and preserves through its libraries
and other devices recorded accumulated
experiences of the past generations such as
knowledge, inventions, mathematics,
science, historical facts.
2. INSRUCTIONAL FUNCTION- the main concern
of the school is to pass on the accumulated
experiences of the past generations to the
incoming generations.
3. RESEARCH FUNCTION- the school conducts
research to improve the old ways of doing things or
to discover hitherto unknown facts or systems to
improve the quality of human life.
4. SOCIAL SERVICE FUNCTION- one justification for
a particular school to exist is to render some kind of
social service in the place where it is located.