Single phase Dual Converter

Ideal Dual Converter:

 when two full convertors are
connected back – to – back with a
load in between them
The design formed is known as Dual
Converter.
 Power Factor Improvement
Forced Commutation:
• Extinction Angle Control(EAC)

Single phase semi converter

• As average value of output voltage (VDC )
decreases with increasing firing angle α ,
displacement factor(Power factor- lagging)
decreases.
Thyristers T1 and T2 are replaced by switches
S1 , S2.
These switches are turned on by devices such
as GTO , IGBT
(as GTO can be turned on by applying small
positive pulse and turned off by negative pulse
also IGBT is turned off by removing pulse)
Working:
• In EAC,
switch S1 is Switch S2 is
turned on at ωt = 0 and turned on at ωt = π and
turned off at ωt = π - β turned off at ωt = 2π - β
• The output voltage is varied by varying
extinction angle β
• The fundamental component of input current
leads, and input voltage &displacement
factor(power factor) is also leading.
• This feature may be desirable to simulate
capacitive load thus, compensates line voltage
drops.
Waveforms:
• Symmetric Angle Control (SAC)

Single phase full controlled semiconverter

Working:
• In SAC,
switch S1 is
Switch S2 is
turned on at ωt =
turned on at ωt =
and and
turned off at ωt = turned off at ωt =
• The output voltage is varied by varying
conduction angle β
• The fundamental component of input current in
phase with input voltage &displacement
factor(power factor) is about unity. Therefore
power factor is improved.
Waveforms:
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
In PWM control, converter switches are
turned on and off several times during half
cycle
 output voltage is controlled by varying pulse
width.
The gate signals are generated by comparing
triangular pulse with a DC signal.
The lowest order harmonic can be reduced by
selecting number of pulses per half cycle.
The output voltage & performance parameters
of converter can be terminated in two steps:
1. By considering only one pair of pulses such
that if
One pulse starts at ωt = α1 and ends at
ωt = α1 + δ1
Other pulse starts at ωt = π +α1 and ends at
ωt = π +α1 + δ1
2. By combining effects of all pairs
 Effect of source Inductance
What is “source Inductance”
Presence of impedance in series with source
circuit when converters are supplied from the
transformers.
Generally it is neglected during ideal analysis
but can not be neglected practically
With source inductance, output voltage does
not remain constant for defined firing angle, it
drops gradually with load current.
 Single phase full controlled converter
with source inductance

**Assume that the converter operates in continuous conduction mode

** the load current ripple is negligible and load can be replaced by dc current source
• Thyristers T3 , T4 were conducting at t=0
Thyristers T1,T2 were conducting at ωt = α
• When source inductance is neglected, T3 &T4
immediately become OFF as soon as T1 &T2
are turned ON.
• But in presence of load current this action is
not instantaneous.
Instead for some interval all four thyrister will
continue to conduct.
This interval is called as “ Overlap Period”.
Waveforms:
•During this period load current freewheels
through the Thyristers & Output voltage is
clamped to zero.
•On the other hand , input current stars
changing polarity as
current through T1 , T2 increasing &
T3 , T4 decreasing.
• At the end of overlap interval,
current through T3, T4 becomes zero &
they are commutate,
T1, T2 starts conducting the full load
current.
• The same process repeats during
commutation at ωt = π+α
• This overlap not only reduces average
voltage but also reduced extinction angle
which cause commutation failure in
inverting mode of operation.