Lecturer: Mr. Romar O.

Moldez
 Shows an action that has been completed.
 Kinds:
 Present Perfect – has/have + past participle
 e.g. I have seen the crime.
 Past Perfect – had + past participle; 1st action is Past Perfect, 2nd
action is Past
 e.g. The line leader had examined the items when the foreman saw
the same.
 Future Perfect – will have + past participle; 1st action is Future
Perfect, 2nd action is Present
 e.g. By the time the scientist invents the robot, the field of robotics
will have discovered its utilization.
 Voice is an element of a verb that identifies the doer or the receiver of
the action.
 Kinds:
 Active – has/have + past participle
 e.g. I have seen the crime.
 Passive – had + past participle; 1st action is Past Perfect, 2nd action
is Past
 e.g. The line leader had examined the items when the foreman saw
the same.
 Incorrect Relative Pronoun: There comes a point in your
life where you sense insecurities. (Where  When)
 Double Negatives: It’s sad to be here without nothing to
do. (Nothing  Anything)
 Double Intensifier: The presentation was highly
extremely marvellous! (Remove extremely)
 Incorrect Verb Pattern: Before the enemy has arrived, the
captain have designated counter attacks. (Have designated
 Had designated)
 Unclear Pronoun Reference: Matilda informed Martina
that she needs to undergo facial treatment. (Who is SHE?)
 Wrong Subject-Verb Agreement: Hansel and Gretel are
my sister’s favorite classic tale. (Are  Is)
 Incorrect Pronoun Antecedent Agreement: Everybody
knows their obligations. (Their  His/Her)
 Misplaced/Dangling Modifier: Blooming in petals,
Angela picked the flowers. (Modifier describes flowers)
 Wrong Parallelism: Faith, hope and being charitable are
the three important virtues. (Being charitable  Charity)
 Wrong Diction: The sycamore tree is so wide that it is so
hard to reach the top branch. (Wide  Tall)