HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING

PROFESSION, CHARACTERISTICS, CRITERIA

OF PROFESSION AND PERSPECTIVE OF
NURSING PROFESSION- NATIONAL &
GLOBAL LEVEL
PRESENTED BY-:
ARSHDEEP KAUR
M.Sc.(N) 1st year
GENERAL OBJECTIVE-:

At the end of my topic, the group will be able to understand

the history of development of nursing profession,
characteristics & criteria of profession and perspective of
nursing profession: national & global level as well as will be
able to apply this knowledge in various practice settings.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES-:
At the end of my topic, group will be able to-:

1. define nursing, profession & perspective.

2. describe history of development of nursing profession.

3. explain various factors affected nursing in past.

4. discuss characteristics and criteria of nursing profession.

5. elaborate various perspectives in nursing education at national &

global level.
CONTENT MATTER-:
 DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
 HISTORY OF NURSING: CHRISTANITY, MIDDLE AGE, FIFTEENTH TO
NINETEENTH CENTURY, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE AND TWENTIETH CENTURY
 DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING IN INDIA
 DEFINITION OF PROFESSION
 CHARACTERISTICS & CRITERIA (BIXLER AND BIXLER, ABRAHAM
FLEXNER’S AND KELLEY’S) OF NURSING PROFESSION
 PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION: GLOBAL & NATIONAL LEVEL
 UNIVERSITY AND NON UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES
 EXTENDED & EXPANDED ROLES OF NURSES
 Introduction:
You have chosen to be a nurse. What does the word
nurse mean?

The word nurse derives from the Latin word meaning

to nourish

Nursing combines scientific principles, technical

skills, and personal compassion

Nursing is a practical and noble profession.

• KNOWLEDGE OF PROFESSION HISTORY INCREASES THE NURSE’S
AWARENESS AND PROMOTES AN OF UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL AND
INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF DISCIPLINE. FROM ITS EARLIEST HISTORY
NURSING WAS FORM OF COMMUNITY SERVICE TO PROTECT AND
PRESERVE THE FAMILY.
• NURSING ORIGINATED FROM THE INTUITIVE APPROACH OF CARING
FOR THE SICK MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY. THE PROFESSION DID NOT
EXIST AS A DISTINCT DISCIPLINE BEFORE THE BIRTH OF CHRIST
DURING THE INTUITIVE PERIOD; PEOPLE BELIEVED THAT SICKNESS
WAS CAUSED BY THE INVASION OF THE EVIL SPIRITS
 DEFINITION OF NURSING-:

“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the

individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health, its recovery, or to a
peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if
he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And
to do this in such a way as to help the client gain
independence as rapidly as possible.”

Virginia Henderson 1977

Definition of Nursing-:
NURSING, AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM,
ENCOMPASSES THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH, PREVENTION OF
ILLNESS, AND CARE OF PHYSICALLY ILL, MENTALLY ILL, AND
DISABLED PEOPLE OF ALL AGES, IN ALL HEALTH CARE AND
OTHER COMMUNITY SETTINGS. WITHIN THIS BROAD
SPECTRUM OF HEALTH CARE, THE PHENOMENA OF PARTICULAR
CONCERN TO NURSES ARE INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, AND GROUP
"RESPONSES TO ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS"
(ANA, AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION, 1980).
Definition of Nursing-:
 WITHIN THE TOTAL HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT, NURSES
SHARE WITH OTHER HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND THOSE IN
OTHER SECTORS OF PUBLIC SERVICE THE FUNCTIONS OF
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION TO ENSURE THE
ADEQUACY OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM FOR PROMOTING HEALTH,
PREVENTING ILLNESS, AND CARING FOR ILL AND DISABLED
PEOPLE. (ICN, INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES, 1987).
VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTED THE NURSING
IN PAST:-

 WOMEN’S ROLES

 RELIGION

 WAR

 SOCIETAL ATTITUDE
 HISTORY OF NURSING
CHRISTANITY (THE
‘RELIGIOUS IMAGE’ OF THE
NURSE)
The entry of women into nursing can be traced to
approximately 300 AD. Christians taught that men
and women are equal before God and appealed to
carry on His work on behalf of all who were in
distress

Jesus Christ did not accept illness as a punishment/

necessary evil
 Do well & expect no
He brought about
He healed all kinds reward. Do it for
‘altruism’ into
of diseases God and to be like
religious teachings
him

This greatly
This is the highest
influenced nursing
motive given to
and raised it to
mankind
professional standing
MIDDLE AGE-: (THE ‘SERVANT
IMAGE’ OF THE NURSE)
 DURING THE MIDDLE AGES (1100-1200AD)
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS WERE STARTED TO CARE
TO THE AGED, SICK AND POOR. NURSES DELIVERED
CUSTODIAL CARE AND DEPENDENT ON PHYSICIANS OR
PRIEST FOR DIRECTION. NURSE MIDWIFERY
FLOURISHED DURING MIDDLE AGES.
IN THE MIDDLE AGE CAME THE PLAGUE,
AND SO DID THE CONSTRUCTION OF
HOSPITALS AND THE FOUNDING OF MANY
NURSING ORDERS. DURING THIS PERIOD
MONKS AND NUNS PROVIDED PATIENT
CARE IN THE HOSPITAL SETTING
TRADITIONALLY RUN BY DEACONESSES.
 FIFTEENTH TO
NINETEENTH CENTURY:-
need for nurses and In the eighteen
increasing nursing little century the
responsibilities sisters of charity, formal further growth
• the small pox
founded in 1633 nursing of cities
cared for people in brought an
epidemic and the education, increase in the
revolutionary war hospitals, asylums nursing number of
and poor houses. knowledge hospitals and
and skills expanded role
of nurse
FLORENCE NIGHTANGLE
 health
maintenance and “Lady with a nursing education
restoration Lamp”.

producing and improve the well-

implementing reforming being of
public health hospitals mankind’
policies
• TWENTIETH
CENTURY:-
• In the early twentieth century, a movement
toward a scientific research based defined
body of nursing knowledge and practice

• In 1901 the Army nurse Corporation was

established

• By the year 1908 Navy corporation

established
• Today the profession is faced with
multiple challenge

• Nurses and nursing educators are revising

nursing practice and curriculum to meet the
ever changing needs of society.
 NURSING IN
INDIA
 In 1867 St.
Stephens
hospital, Delhi
was the first one
to begin training
the Indian girls
The ancient as nurses.
records of India In 1897,
indicate the Dr.B.C.Roy did
principles and great work in raising
practices of the standards of
nursing. The
nursing and nurses
nurses were
usually men
NURSING IN
INDIA
In 1871, the first
School of Nursing was
Military started in Government
nursing was General Hospital,
the earliest Madras with 6 months
type of nursing Diploma Midwives
Florence program with four mid-
Nightingale was wife study.
the first woman
to have great
influence over
nursing in India
 Nursing in India was
greatly influenced by
the Christian
missionaries, World
War, British rule and
by the International
agencies such as
In 1926, Madras W.H.O. UNICEF, Red
State formed the The Indian Nursing
Cross, UNSAID etc
first registration Council was passed
council to provide by our ordinance on
basic standards in December 31, 1947.
education and The first master’s The council was
training degree course, a constituted in 1949.
two-year
postgraduate
program was begun
in 1960 at the
With the
College of Nursing,
assistance from In 1918, training
Delhi
the Rockefeller schools were
Foundations, seven started for health
health centres visitors and dais,
were set up at Delhi and
between 1931 - In 1947, after the Karachi
1939 independence, the
community
development
programme and the
expansion of
hospital service
 The associations such as
International Council of
Nurses, the nurse auxiliary
of the CMA of India,
T.N.A.I. Indian nursing
council and State level
Registration Council are
closely connected with
promotion and the
upliftment of the nursing
profession
PROFESSION:
 A profession is something a little more than a job; it is a
career for someone that wants to be part of society, who
becomes competent in their chosen sector through training;
maintains their skills through continuing professional
development (CPD); and commits to behaving ethically, to
protect the interests of the public.
We all rely on professionals at many points of our
lives – from dentists to teachers, from pension
managers to careers advisers, from town planners
to paramedics. We rely on professionals to be
experts and to know what to do when we need
them to.
 Profession means vocation which involves some
branch of learning or science as learned
profession, for nursing to be called “profession”, it
should be based on some characteristics which
should keep it to its standards and nurse should
strive to work in the direction of their criteria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PROFESSION
  INTELLECTUAL-: This character is reflecting the
commitment to serve society the category has three
components:

CRITICAL
BODY OF SPECIALIZED AND
KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION CREATIVE
THINKING
PERSONAL-: The category emphasizes on autonomy. Autonomy
means the practitioners have control over their own functions in a
work setting. Autonomy involves independence, a willingness to take
risks and responsibility and accountability for one’s own actions as
well as self-determination and self-regulation.

INTERPERSONAL:-Nursing is a therapeutic inter personal process.

It functions cooperatively with other human processes that make
health possible for individuals in the communities. The nurse
collaborate with the patient, significant others and health care
providers in the formulation of overall goals and plan of care and
in the decisions related to care and delivery of services.
 common characteristics of a profession

renders an essential
social service
gives instantaneous results & demands continuous in
has a transparency of work service training of its
members

body of specialized knowledge

and extended practical training

assures its members a clearly defined membership

professional career of a particular group
code of ethics & has a
truth and loyalty
CRITERIA OF A
PROFESSION
 A profession
utilizes in its
practice a well-
defined and well
organized body of
knowledge

A profession
A profession applies
its body of
BIXLER AND constantly
knowledge in BIXLER improves its
techniques of
practical service, CRITERIA education and
which is vital to
human beings and
FOR service by the use
social welfare PROFESSION of scientific
method.

A profession
entrusts the
education of its
practitioners to
institutions of
higher education
 A profession functions
autonomously in the formulation of
professional policy

BIXLER AND BIXLER CRITERIA FOR

PROFESSION

A profession attracts individuals A profession strives to compensate its

of intellectual and personal gain practitioners by providing freedom of
and who can recognize their action, opportunity for continuous
chosen profession as lifelong. professional growth
 professional work is
basically intellectual
and is accompanied by
It is based on a
a high degree of
body of knowledge
individual responsibility
that can be learned
and is refreshed
and refined
through research

ABRAHAM FLEXNER’S
CRITERIA FOR A
PROFESSION
Has practitioner
who is motivated It is practical in
by altruism (the addition to being
desire to help theoretical
others) and who Can be taught
are responsive to through a highly
human interest specialized
professional
education
 The services provided
are vital to humanity
and the welfare of
society

Practitioners are There is a special

relatively independent body of knowledge
and control their own KELLEY’S CRITERIA that is continually
policies and activities (1981) enlarged through
(autonomy) research

The services involves

intellectual activities;
individual responsibility
is a strong feature
 Practitioners are
motivated by service
and consider their
work as an
important component
of their lives

There is an
organization that Practitioners are
encourages and educated in
support high KELLEY’S CRITERIA institutions of higher
standards of learning
practice

There is a code of
ethics to guide their
decisions and
conduct of
practitioners
PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION:
GLOBAL & NATIONAL LEVEL
 INTRODUCTION
Perspective has a Latin root meaning "look through"
or "perceive," and all the meanings of perspective
have something to do with looking. If you observe
the world from a dog's perspective, you see
through the dog's eyes. In drawing, perspective
gives your drawing the appearance of depth or
distance. If we say someone "has perspective," we
mean she has a sensible outlook on life.
 DEFITION
 "It is useful occasionally to look at the past to
gain a perspective on the present" (Fabian
Linden).or the appearance of objects in depth
as perceived by normal binocular vision.

 A sensible way
of judging how good, bad, important etc.
something is in comparison with other things
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING
EDUCATION IN INDIA-
:(NATIONAL LEVEL
PERSPECTIVE)
Auxiliary nurse midwife

Lady health visitor

General nursing
midwifery
UNIVERSITY
LEVEL
PROGRAMMES
 BASIC B.SC. NURSING

POST BASIC/POST CERTIFICATE B.SC.

NURSING

POST GRADUATION EDUCATION-M.Sc.

Nursing Education

M.Phil. Programme

Ph.D. Program
Programmes at global
level-:
 Associate Degree Education
• in the United States is a 2year programme
• focuses on the basic sciences, theoretical and clinical courses related to the
practice of nursing.

Diploma Education
• in the United States is a 2-3 year hospital based programme
• focus on the basic sciences and on theoretical and clinical courses related to
nursing practice, usually within sustained clinical component

Baccalaureate Education The baccalaureate degree progarmme usually encompasses

4year of study in a college or university
Licensure:-In the U.S, RN candidates must pass the National Council Licensure
Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX –RN)
Certification: - Beyond the NCLEX – RN, National nursing organizations such as
ANA, have many types of certification that the nurse can work towards.
In Canada the degree of Bachelor of sciences in nursing (B.Sc. nursing) or Bachelor
in nursing(BN) is equivalent to the degree of sciences in nursing (BSN) in united
states.
 Doctoral Preparation: - The first nursing doctorate programs
emphasized on basic research and theory and theory and award the
degree of Doctor of philosophy (Ph. D)

Continuing and In – service Education continuing education involves

formal, organized and educational programs preferred by State
Nurses Association and Educational and Health Care Institutions

Licensed Practical Nurse Education-The Licensed Practical Nurse

(LPN) or Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) practices under the
supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) in a hospital or community
health practice setting

Master’s Degree Preparation A person completing a graduate

program can receive the degree of masters in Arts (MA) in nursing
or masters in science in nursing
 A NURSING PERSPECTIVE IS DEFINED BY ITS UNIQUE

ASPECTS, THE HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION, THE

SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT IN WHICH NURSING CARE IS

PROVIDED, AND THE NATURE OF THE ORIENTATION OF

MEMBERS OF THE NURSING PROFESSION, AS WELL AS

THE DISCIPLINE.
 PERSPECTIVES IN NURSING PRACTICE:-
Nursing practice changes in response to
consumer demands and accessibility and
involvement in decision making. New
technology changes in health care
delivery systems and policy.
Role is a set of expected behaviors
associated with the person’s status or
position and it includes behavior, rights and
responsibility. Development of the extended
and expanded roles of nurse.
Clinical Practice

Nursing Education

Community Practice
Extended role-: extended role of the
nurse is the responsibility of the nurse
beyond the traditional role .it is the scope
of the nurse’s services outside the
hospital.
Expanded role: - means enlargement of
nurse’s role within the boundary of the
nurse. Expanded role of nursing is the
responsibility assumed by nurse within the
field of practice autonomy.
1.CLINICAL PRACTICE-:
EXTENDED ROLES OF
NURSE
 CARE GIVER

PRIVATE DUTY NURSE

PROTECTOR AND ADVOCATOR

COUNSELOR

NURSE EDUCATOR
COMMUNICATOR

REHABILITATOR

NURSE ENTREPRENEUR

TRAVEL NURSING
HOSPICE NURSE/
PALLIATIVE NURSE

CRUISE SHIP/
RESORT NURSE
EXPANDED ROLES OF
NURSE IN CLINICAL
PRACTICE:
REHABILITATION NURSE

OFFICE NURSE

MANAGER

COLLABORATOR
NURSE ADMINISTRATOR

ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE/

NURSE PRACTITIONER

NURSE RESEARCHER

ADVANCED NURSE EDUCATOR

ACUTE CARE NURSE
PRACTITIONER
NURSE CLINICIAN / CLINICAL
NURSE SPECIALIST

CRITICAL CARE NURSE

NURSE ONCOLOGISTS
PSYCHIATRIC NURSE

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSE

NURSE ANESTHETIST

OPERATING ROOM NURSE

PROFESSIONAL NURSE CARE MANAGER

 2. COMMUNITY
PRACTICE-: EXTENDED &
EXPANDED ROLES
SCHOOL HEALTH NURSE

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE

HOME CARE NURSE

HOSPICE NURSE

NURSE MIDWIFE

COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSE
3. NURSING
EDUCATION-:
EDUCATION

CLINICAL SUPERVISION

ROLE MODEL AND MENTOR

CONTINUING EDUCATION

RESEARCH

NURSE ADMINISTRATOR/SUPERINTENDENT
SUMMARIZATION-:
 DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
 HISTORY OF NURSING: CHRISTIANITY, MIDDLE AGE, FIFTEENTH TO NINETEENTH
CENTURY, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE AND TWENTIETH CENTURY
 DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING IN INDIA
 DEFINITION OF PROFESSION
 CHARACTERISTICS & CRITERIA (BIXLER AND BIXLER, ABRAHAM FLEXNER’S AND
KELLEY’S) OF NURSING PROFESSION
 PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION: GLOBAL & NATIONAL LEVEL
 UNIVERSITY AND NON UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES
 EXTENDED & EXPANDED ROLES OF NURSES IN CLINICAL, EDUCATIONAL &
COMMUNITY SETTINGS.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY-:
• 1. SHEBEER. P. BASHEER A TEXTBOOK OF ADVANCED NURSING PROFESSION IST
EDITION, PG. NO. 2-4
• 2. CHRISTENSEN LAURITSEN BARBARA, KOCKROW ODEN ELAINE, FOUNDATION OF
NURSING, 4TH EDITION, 1999, MOSBY PUBLISHERS, PAGE NO. 2-6.
• 3. POTTERA.PATRICIA, PERRY GRIFFIN ANNE, FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING, 7TH
EDITION, 2009, MOSBY PUBLISHERS, PAGE .NO.2-4.
• 4. WWW.GOOGLE.COM EN.M.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/NURSING_IN_INDIA