Anatomy and Physiology

5N0749
Module Break down
This module is divided into 9 basic units

• Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• The Skeletal and Muscular system
• The Circulatory and Lymphatic system
• The Digestive system
• The Respiratory system
• The Nervous and Endocrine system
• The Reproductive system
• The Urinary system
• The Skin
Assessment
This module will be assessed in two main ways:

• Assignment x 2 (40%)
20 % per assignment
• Summer Exam (60%)

Grading
Pass 50% - 64%
Merit 65% - 79%
Distinction 80% - 100%
Assignments
Each assignment will cover a specific range of topics
that will have been covered in classes leading up to the
assignment deadline.
It is key that you plan around and keep to the
assignment brief at all times.
These assignments carry a percentage weight of your
overall grade, so ensure they are presented clearly and
neatly and have been completed in a timely fashion.
Marks will be lost for handing up an assignment late or
for not handing up an assignment in person unless
agreement has specifically been made before hand.
Summer Exam
There are two sections in the exam:
Section A
This section consists of a list of 14 short questions, you
must all 14 questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

Section B
This section has 4 long questions from which you must
answer all 4 questions, each question carries equal
marks.
What’s it all about?
• The module is designed to equip you with knowledge
of the structure and function of the human body and
its parts

• You should aim to gain an understanding of the inter-

relationship between the systems of the body, and
how this relation helps the body to function as a
whole.
 Anatomy and Physiology?
So which is which?

Definitions:
• Anatomy is the science of structure and the relationships among
structures.
• Physiology is the science of body functions, that is, how the body
parts work.
The Animal Cell
 Cell membrane
Every cell is enclosed in a membrane, a double layer of phospholipids (lipid
bilayer).
The exposed “heads” of the bilayer are hydrophilic so they are compatible with
water both within the cytosol and outside of the cell.
However the hidden “tails” of the bilayer are hydrophobic so the cell membrane
acts as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water. The membrane is
made more complex with the presence of numerous proteins that are crucial to
cell activity. These proteins include receptors for odours, taste, hormones as well
as specific pores for the controlled entry and exit of ions like sodium (Na+),
potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca++) and Chlorine (Cl-)
Pore
Hydrophilic heads

Hydrophobic tails

Protein
 Cytosol
The cytosol is the “jelly” Cytoplasm is a collective
in which all other term for the cytosol plus
organelles reside and all the organelles
where most of the suspended within it.
cellular metabolism takes
place.

Though mostly water the

cytosol is full of proteins
that control cell
metabolism including
glycolysis and
intracellular receptors
The Centrosome
• The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are
produced. The animal cell centrosome is actually a pair of smaller
organelles called centrioles
 Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus

• The golgi apparatus is a membrane bound structure with a

single membrane. It is actually a stack of membrane bound
vesicles that are important in packaging macronutrients for
transport elsewhere in the cell.
• The stack of large vesicles is surrounded by several smaller ones
containing those packaged macronutrients.
• The contents of the lysosomes are stored in the membrane
bound vesicles around the golgi apparatus.
Lysosome
• Lysosomes are common in animal cells. They contain
specific enzymes responsible for intracellular
digestion. In white blood cells that eat bacteria ,
lysosomes contents are carefully released into the
vacuoles around the bacteria and serve to kill and
digest those bacteria.
• Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the
cytoplasm can also cause necrosis.
Vacuole
• A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that plays a role in intracellular
digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells
vacuoles are generally small
• Vacuoles play a much larger role in the plant cell as they take over
much of the role of the absent lysosomes along insuring sufficient
water is maintained within the plant.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
A vast system of interconnected,
membrane bound sacks that are
located in the cytoplasm. Rough ER
is covered with ribosomes that give
it a rough appearance. Rough ER
transports materials through the
cell and produces proteins in sacks
called cisternae (which are sent to
the golgi apparatus)
Rough
The space within the ER is called
the ER lumen. Smooth ER
transports materials through the
cell. It contains enzymes and
produces and digests lipids and
membrane proteins; smooth ER
buds off from rough ER, moving the
newly-made proteins and lipids to
the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and
membranes.
Smooth
 Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are packets of RNA and protein that play a
crucial role in the cell. They are the site of protein
synthesis.
• Each ribosome consists of two parts. Messenger RNA
from the cell nucleus is moved systematically along
the ribosome where transfer RNA adds additional
amino acid molecules to the now lengthening amino
acid chain (hence forming proteins).
 The Nucleus
• The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in the animal
cell. It is enclosed in a double membrane and
communicates with the surrounding cytosol via
numerous nuclear pores.
• Within the nucleus is the DNA responsible for providing
the cell with its unique characteristics. The DNA is similar
in every cell in the body but depending on the specific
cell type some genes may be turned on or off. That’s how
a heart cell is different to a brain cell.
Nucleolus
Like a nucleus within a nucleus, it is the most prominent
structure within the nucleus. The nucleolus produces
ribosomes which move out of the nucleus and take
position on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they
are critical in protein synthesis.
 Mitochondrion
• Known as the powerhouse of the cell the mitochondria are
responsible for providing the cell with the energy it requires to do
just about everything.
• Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles, and like the nucleus
has a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth, but the
inner membrane is heavily cristaed. These cristae greatly increase the
inner membrane’s surface area. It is on these cristae that sugar is
combined with oxygen to produce ATP (the cells food).
Cytoskeleton
As the name suggests it plays a role in maintaining cell shape. The
primary importance of the cytoskeleton is in cell motility. The internal
movement of the cell as well as cell locomotion and muscle fibre
contractions could not take place without the cytoskeleton.
Some cells have an actin filament flagellum to aid in the cells
locomotion.
Ultra structure of an Animal Cell
The Animal Cell
The Animal Cell
Vacuole – Fill in the blanks
• A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that plays a role
in i________ d______ and the release of c_____
w_____ p______. In animal cells vacuoles are
generally s_____
• Vacuoles play a much larger role in the plant cell as
they take over much of the role of the absent
l_____________ along insuring sufficient w_____ is
maintained within the plant.
Vacuole – Fill in the blanks
• A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that plays a role
in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular
waste products. In animal cells vacuoles are generally
small
• Vacuoles play a much larger role in the plant cell as
they take over much of the role of the absent
lysosomes along insuring sufficient water is
maintained within the plant.
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