FORMAL EDUCATION

Formal Education refers to the hierarchically structured

and chronologically graded learning organized and provided
by the formal school system and for which certification is
required in order for the learner to progress through the
grades or move to higher levels.
Formal education shall correspond to the following
levels:
1. Elementary Education – the first stage of compulsory, formal education
primarily concerned with providing basic education and usually
corresponding to six or seven grades, including pre-school programs.
2. Secondary Education – the state of formal education following the
elementary level concerned primarily with continuing basic education
and expanding it to include the learning of employable gainful skills,
usually corresponding to four years of high school.
3. Tertiary Education – post-secondary schooling is higher education
leading to a degree in a specific profession or discipline.
The recognition and adoption of formal education as the nation’s main tool
to attain national educational goals and objectives are based on Section 20
of Batas Pambansa (BP) 232 “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION”

Formal Education has two equally important sub-systems: the private

school and public school system.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
 Non-formal education refers to education that occurs outside
the formal school system.
 Non-formal education is often used interchangeably with
terms such as community education, adult education, lifelong
education and second-chance education.
 It refers to a wide range of educational initiatives in the
community, ranging from home-based learning to government
schemes and community initiatives.
The state likewise recognizes its responsibility to provide non-formal
education within the context of a formal system for certain social sectors,
such as out-of-school youths and adults, the illiterate, and the handicapped
individuals.

Article XIV, Sec. 2 of the 1987 Constitution declares that the state shall:
“(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as
well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school youth study programs,
particularly those that respond to community needs and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with
training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.
 THE NATURE OF NON-FORMAL TECHNICAL
VOCATIONAL AND TRAINING (TVET) SYSTEM
"TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (TVET) is the
education or training process where it involves, in addition to general
education, the study of technologies and related sciences and acquisition
of practical skills relating to occupations in various sectors of economic life
and social life, comprises formal (organized programs as part of the school
system) and non-formal (organized classes outside the school system)
approaches." (UNESCO)
The concept of specialized educational services is built on the premise that
education should also be made available to those who require
differentiated techniques and facilities for learning.

It also provides alternatives to formal schooling, with focus on functional

literacy, numeracy and citizenship, as well as skills requirements for the
economy.
One of the more preferred training modality for enterprise-based
training in the Philippines today is the DUAL TRAINING SYSTEM (DTS)
being implemented by TESDA.
The DTS, as its name suggests, is a training modality that combines
theoretical and practical training. It is called dual training because
learning takes place alternately in two venues: the school or training
center and the company or workshop.
In DTS, the school and workplace share the responsibility of providing
trainees with well-coordinated learning experiences and opportunities.
This close cooperation between the school and the company ensures
that the trainees are fully equipped with employable skills, work
knowledge, and attitudes at the end of the training.
Alternative Learning System (ALS)

 Modular non-formal education program for dropouts in elementary and secondary

schools, out-of-school youths, non-readers, working Filipinos, and even senior citizens.
 Only requires students to choose schedules according to their choice and availability.
ALS has two schematics for conducting instruction: school-based and community-based.
It follows a uniform lesson modules for all academics subjects such as sciences,
mathematics, English, Filipino, and social studies.
Instructions are provided by government-paid instructors or by private non-government
organizations.