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v
m
a
s
o
l
u
s
m
l
i
m
e
m
d
V
d
m1
;
V v
V0
V
1
1
d
d
p d
T
'
T p
T P
p
T
T P
FM increase as a decrease.
p
K
1
1
,p
K
2
r
1r
2
r
K
r
1r
2 r
K
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
If a liquid is in contact with a solid boundary its molecules are
under the influence of both fluids (gas and liquids), as well as
under the influence of solid boundary (adhesive force).
F
m
m
g
ρ
Δ
gΔ
Δ
x
yz
Fp
p
d
Δ
dxΔ
yFp
p
g
Δ
gxΔ
y
Σ
F
z
i
0 F
mF
pd
F
p
g
0
ρ
Δ
Δ
g
x
Δ
y
zΔ
Δ
p
x
d
yΔ
Δ
p
x
g
y0
Adopting that pressure difference between “upper” and
“lower” surface is given by p one gets:
ρg Δ xΔ y Δ z pd p d Δp Δ
Δ
x y 0
ρ
gΔ
z
Δ
p0
HYDROSTATIC
After the transition z0 one gets the equality :
p
ρg
z
z
0
p
z
p
0ρ
g
zz
0
HYDROSTATIC
Pressure distribution diagram with adoption of atmospheric
pressure at free surface (integration constant p0= patm) can be
drawn for horizontal and vertical components.
HYDROSTATIC
Dividing p with g one gets the so-called pressure head .
In the sum with geodetic datum z (from some referential
point) one gets the so-called piezometric head.
p p
z 0 z 0 konst.
ρg ρg
p p
h z
0
0 1
z1
ρg ρg
HYDROSTATIC
If liquid density is not uniform along the vertical column it is
necessary to carry out the integration as given below:
p
z z
z zdz z ρ z gdz
0 0
z1 z2
p p
z zdz z zdz
0 1
z1 z2
ρ1gdz ρ2 gdz
z0 z1
HYDROSTATIC
Pressure is - according to definition - infinitesimal force dF
that acts on infinitesimal surface dA. The total pressure force
is obtained by integration over entire surface A (made up of
infinitesimals dA).
d
F
p
d
ρ
A
g
z
z
0d
A
In addition to the intensity of hydrostatic pressure force we
are also interested in position of force vertex.
k
o
n
st
.
ζd
A
A ζ A T
HYDROSTATIC
This gives an expression for the total pressure force :
F
pp
TAρ
g
hA
T
dF ρgh dA ρg ζ sin α dA
ζ H FP ρg ζ 2 sin α dA Pρ
F g TA
h
TζTs
A
h inα
ρg sin α 2
ζH
ρghT A A
ζ dA
1 Iζ
ζH ζ dA
2
ζT A A ζT A
HYDROSTATIC
Applying the Steiner rule:
IIζ
2
ζ T T
A
one gets:
Iζ2
AI
ζT T
T
ζ
H
ζ
TA ζ
TA T
where:
I moment of inertia for surface A around axes (through
the origin of coordinate system)
IT moment of inertia for surface A around axes (through the
centroid of surface A)
HYDROSTATIC
In solving some practical problems one would benefit from
using the force components instead of total force:
Fx
F Fy
F
z
F F x2 F y2
u
Fgρ
V
Fg
HYDROSTATIC
Vertical component of total pressure force is equal to the
weight of water column above the observed surface (up to
the water free surface):
z
F ρ
gVz
ρ
a
x
d
x
ρ
a
y
d
y
ρ
a
z
d
z
0
a
xx
gz0
pρg
h
p
ρa
hcoα
s
HYDROSTATIC - relative equilibrium
Next example of relative
equilibrium is the case of vessel
that rotates around its axis at a
constant angular velocity .
ar dr az dz 0
az g
ar ω2r
ω2r dr g z 0
HYDROSTATIC - relative equilibrium
After the integration we get the equation:
ω
22
r
g
z k
o
ns
t
.0
2
V
rdrd
z
d
z0
200
HYDROSTATIC - relative equilibrium
Adopting the relation z1 – z2 = z one gets:
R 2
R
ω2r 2
V z r d dr 0 2π z2 rdr 0
0
2g
0 0
R
R
r
2 3
ωr z2r
2 4 2
0 2g z2r dr 0 8g 2 0
0
2R 4 z2R2 ω2R2
0 z2
8g 2 4g