PPE-203

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Week-1
Lect-2

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Outline
Thermodynamics
Requirement

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

WORK, ENERGY and HEAT

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 Thermodynamics Requirement

The application of thermodynamics to any real problem starts with

the identification of a particular body of matter as the focus of
attention.
This body of matter is called the system (Types)

The mass or region outside the system is called

the surroundings.

The real or imaginary surface that separates the

system from its surroundings is called the
boundary.

Identify the system and surrounding

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 Thermodynamics Requirement

 Identify system and surrounding

Types of system

Closed system
Open System
Isolated System

System thermodynamic state is

defined by a few measurable
macroscopic properties.

These depend on the fundamental

dimensions of science, of which
length, time, mass, temperature, and
amount of substance are of

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 1. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS (Recalling)

Any physical quantity can be characterized

by dimensions.
The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.
Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions,
while others such as velocity, energy, and
volume are expressed in terms of the
primary dimensions are secondary
dimensions.
Two sets of units are still in common:
the English system also known as the United
States Customary System (USCS), and the
metric SI which is also known as the
International System

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 2. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar

properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.

Intensive properties are those that are independent

of the mass of a system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.

Extensive properties are those whose

values depend on the size—or extent—of the system.
Total mass, total volume, and total momentum are
some examples of extensive properties.

Extensive properties per unit mass are called

specific properties. Some examples of specific
properties are specific volume (v = V/m) and specific
energy (e = E/m).
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 Temperature(Recalling)
Measure of “hotness” or “coldness” (macroscopic level)

Measure of average kinetic energy (micro level)

A metal chair, for example, will feel much colder

than a wooden one even when both are at the same
temperature.

The commonly used mercury-in-glass thermometer,

for example, is based on the expansion of mercury with
temperature.

Other types of thermometers: Thermocouples,

Thermistors, radiation thermometer

At that point, the heat transfer stops, and the two

bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics (R. H. Fowler in

1931.)
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 Temperature Scales(Recalling)
The temperature scales used in the
SI and in the English system today are
the Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit
scale, respectively.

On the Celsius scale, the ice and

steam points were originally assigned
the values of 0 and 100°C,
respectively.

The corresponding values on the

Fahrenheit scale are 32 and 212°F.

These are often referred to as two-

point scales since temperature values
are assigned at two different points.

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 Thermodynamic temperature scale

It is very desirable to have a temperature

scale that covers the whole range of positive
temperature

Such a temperature scale is called a

thermodynamic temperature scale.

The thermodynamic temperature scale in

the SI is the Kelvin scale, named after Lord
Kelvin (1824–1907).

The thermodynamic temperature scale in

the English system is the Rankine scale,
named after William Rankine (1820–1872).

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Uses of the Kelvin scale

The Kelvin scale is popular in scientific applications

because of the lack of negative numbers.

This scale is convenient for recording the very low

temperatures of liquid helium (3K) and liquid nitrogen
(77 K).

The lack of negative numbers also makes it easier to

calculate differences between temperatures, such as
saying one temperature is three times another
temperature.

It must be used in ideal gas law. Why?

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 Absolute zero

The lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale is

absolute zero, or 0 K (-273.15 C).

The temperature at which molecules would

stop moving, or "infinite cold.

Absolute zero cannot technically be achieved.

Using nonconventional refrigeration

techniques, scientists have approached absolute
zero kelvin (they achieved 0.000000002 K in
1989).

Volume of ideal gas will be zero at absolute

zero (but gasses are not ideal at low temp,
become liquefied before reaching this T, even,
H2 and He)

Behavior of material at 0 K
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