Lecture 4 Objectives

Learn about the IP Protocol

Different Fields of IP Header

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 Protocols at Network Layer

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 Internet Protocol (IP)

The Internet protocol is the host-to-host

network layer delivery protocol.
IP is an Unreliable and Connectionless
protocol
Packets in the IP layer are Called datagrams
It is customary in the Internet to show the
header in 4-byte section.

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 IP Datagram

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 Description of IP Header

Version (VER)
This field defines the version of the IP. Current version is 4
(IPv4).

Header Length (HLEN)

This field defines the Length of the Datagram header in 4-
byte words.

Differentiated Services
This field defines the class of the datagram for quality of
service purpose.
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 Description of IP Header (cont..)

Total Length
The total length field defines the total length of the Datagram
including the header.

Identification , Flag, and Offset

To understand these fields first of all we see the
Fragmentation……….

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 Fragmentation

A datagram can travel through different networks. In some

physical Networks we must divide the datagram to make it
possible to pass through these Networks.This is called
Fragmentation.

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 Fields Related to Fragmentation

Identification
All the fragmented datagrams have the same Identification
Number.
Do not fragment
Flags
XXX 0
Reserved
1 0 1 Last Fragment

Can be fragmented Not Last Fragment

Must not Fragment

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 Fragmentation Offset
This 13-bit field shows the relative position of the fragment
with respect to the whole datagram.It is the offset of the data
in the original datagram measured in units of 8 bytes. See the
example of 4000 bytes Datagram into three parts…

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 Description of IP Header (cont..)

Time to Live
This field is used to control the maximum number
of hops(routers) visited by the Datagram.
Protocol
This field defines the higher level protocol that
uses the services of the IP layer. The value of
the this field for different higher level
protocols is
1 ICMP 2 IGMP
6 TCP 17 UDP
89 OSPF
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 Encapsulation of IP Datagram with Higher
Level Protocols

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 Checksum
The checksum in the IP packet covers only the header. The header is divided
into 16-bit section.
Example of checksum calculation

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 Description of IP Header (cont..)

Source address
This field defines the IP address of the Source.
Destination address
This field defines the IP address of the destination.
Options
As the name implies, are not required for every
datagram.

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