Chem110: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chem110
Chapter 3
Mass Relationships in Chemical
Reactions
copyright of chemistry 110 development team 1

Chem- By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
110
• know and calculate Atomic Mass

• calculate Molecular Mass
• calculate Percent Composition of Compounds
Objectives • Determine the Empirical Formula
• Find Limiting Reagents
• calculate Reaction Yield

Chem-
110
3.1 Atomic Mass

3.2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an Element
Outline 3.3 Molecular Mass
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formula
3.9 Limiting Reagents
3.10 Reaction Yield

Chem-
110
3.1 Atomic Mass
Mass of an atom = mass of p + mass of n + mass of e
mass of p =mass of n = 1840 mass of e
Mass of atom = mass of p + mass of n
Atomic mass
is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
• On this scale 1H= 1.008 amu

16O = 16.00 amu

Chem- Average Atomic Mass
110
6
Natural Abundance
C ‫الوفرة الطبيعية‬
12.01
• Atomic mass of carbon = 12.01 not 12.00

• The carbon exist in more than one form (isotopes 12C & 13C)
• Carbon is a mixture of Isotopes
• Thus: Atomic Mass = Average Atomic Mass 5
Chem- How to find the Average Atomic Mass?
110 Average atomic mass of natural carbon =
∑ (The natural abundance x Atomic Mass) for each isotope
• The isotopes of Carbon are 12C & 13C

• The natural abundance of each isotope is:
98.90% & 1.10%, respectively
 % abundance of isotope 1   % abundance of isotope 2 

Average Atomic Mass =   (mass of isotope 1) +   (mass of isotope 2) + ...
 100   100 
98.90 x 12 + 1.10 x 13 = 12.01 amu

100
• Notes: carbon is mainly 12C → the Average Atomic Mass is 12.01 amu →
closer to 12 amu than 13 amu
Chem-
110 • Natural lithium is:
• 7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
• 92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016 = 6.941 amu
100

Chem-
110
Average atomic mass (6.941)
8
Chem- Example 3.1 p81
110
The atomic masses of the Copper isotopes,
63 65
Cu (69.09%) &
29 Cu (30.91%)
29
are 62.93 amu & 64.9278 amu, respectively.

Calculate the average atomic mass of copper.
Solution:
Average atomic mass of copper
= (69.09 x 62.93)63Cu + (30.91 x 64.9278)65Cu = 63.55 amu
100 9
Chem-
The mole
110 Dozen = 12
1 dozen = 12 Anything
1 mol = 6.022 x1023 particles
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA)
Chem-
110
THUS:
one mole of H atoms has 6.022 x 1023 atoms
&
One mole of H2 molecules has 6.022 x 1023 molecules

Chem- Molar Mass M
110
Is the mass (in g or kg) of one mole of a substance;
M = mass/mol = g/mol
• The atomic mass of 12C is 12.00 amu = 12.00 g
• 1 mole of 12C = 12.00 amu = 12.00 g

Thus:
The Molar Mass (M) of 12C = 12.00 g/mol
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
12
Chem- • Did You Understand Molar Mass?
110
⸪ One mole = NA ( 6.0221367 x 1023)
⸫ How to Calculate the Number of Moles (n)
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝑵 (𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔)

𝒏= 𝒏=
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑴𝑴) 𝑵𝑨 (𝑨𝒗𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐’𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓)

Chem-
110
M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
Examples:
1. The atomic mass of Na = 22.99 amu
The molar mass of Na = 22.99 g/mol
2. The atomic mass of P = 30.97 amu
The molar mass of P = 30.97 g/mol

Chem- How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
110
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟏

1− 𝒏= = = 0.0141
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑴𝑴) 𝟑𝟗.𝟏𝟎
mol
𝑵
2- 𝒏= ► N = n x NA
𝑵𝑨
► N = 0.0141 x 6.022 x 1023 = 8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Chem- Example 3.3 p84:
110 How many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?
Solution:
𝒎
𝒏 𝒁𝒏 = ∴ 𝒎 = 𝒏 𝒙 𝑴𝑴
𝑴𝑴
m = 0.356 mol x 65.39 g/mol = 23.3 g
16
Molecular Mass (or molecular weight)
Chem-
110
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2 17
Chem-
110 Atomic mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)
Molecular Mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)
Example 3.6 p86:

How many moles of CH4 are present in 6.07 g of CH4?
Solution:
Molecular Mass CH4= (1x12 .01) + (4x1.008) = 16.04 g/mol
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝟔.𝟎𝟕

𝒏(𝑪𝑯𝟒 ) = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑴𝑴) 𝟏𝟔.𝟎𝟒

Example 3.7 p87:
Chem-
110 How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea
[(NH2)2CO]. The molar mass of urea is 60.06 g/mol.
m 25.6 g
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ]    0.426 mol
M 60.06 g / mol
N
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ] 
NA
 N  nxN A  0.426 mol x6.022 x1023 molecules/mol
N  2.567 x1023 molecules
1 molecule [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ]  4 H atoms
2.567x1023 [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ] molecules  ?H atoms
4 atomx2.567x1023 molecule
number of H atoms   1.03 x1024 atoms
1 molecule
19
Chem- 3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
110
Percent Composition by Mass
• → The Empirical Formula
• → The Molecular Formula
Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound

Chem- PERIODIC TABLE
110 Molar mass of C2H6O = Molecular mass C2H6O =
(2 x 12.01) + (6 x 1.008) + (1 x16.00) = 46.07 g/mol
Molar mass of C = Atomic mass of C = 12.01 g /mol
Molar mass of H = Atomic mass of H = 1.008 g/mol
Molar mass of O = Atomic mass of O = 16.00 g/mol
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
C2H6O 6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

110
Calculate the percent composition by mass
of H, P, and O in H3PO4.
Solution:
Molar mass of H3PO4 = 97.99
3 x1.008
%H  x100  3.086%
97.99
1x30.97
%P x100  31.61%
97.99
4 x16.00 Check the answer:
%O  x100  65.31%
97.99 3.08% + 31.61% + 65.31% = 100.01%
copyright of chemistry 110 development team
22
Chem- H.W. Calculate the percent of nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2:
110
a) 12.01%.
b) 17.10%.
c) 18%
d) 16%.
H.W. All of the substances listed below are fertilizers that
contribute nitrogen to the soil.
Which of these is the richest source of nitrogen on a mass
percentage basis?
(a) %N = 46.6%
(a) Urea, (NH2)2CO
(b) %N = 35%
(b) Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
(c) %N = 71.1%
(c) Guanidine, HNC(NH2)2
(d) Ammonia, NH3 (d) %N = 82.2%
‫ايا من هذه المواد هواغنى مصدر للنيتروجين على‬

‫اساس احتوائه على اكبر نسبه وزنيه من النيتروجين؟‬ 23
Chem- Determination of the Empirical Formula
110 from the Percent Composition by Mass
Example: Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following percent composition by
mass: K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
Solution: 1.
1. Convert to grams & divide by the molar mass →
number of moles
2.
Thus 24.75g of K, 34.77g of Mn, & 40.51g of O
3.

24.75
Chem- nK   0.632 mol of K
39.10
110 nMn 
34.77
 0.632mol of Mn
54.94
40.51
nO   2.532 mol of O
16.00
2. Divide by the smallest number of moles: 0.632 mol → mole

ratio of the elements
3. All are integers → Finish

Thus the Empirical Formula of the compound is:
K1Mn1O4 →
KMnO4
Chem- Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Q: Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has
110 the following percent composition by mass: K 24.75, Mn
34.77, O 40.51 percent.
Solution:
K Mn O
% 100g 24.75g 34.77g 40.51g

n=m/MM 24.75/39.10 34.77/54.94 40.51/16.00
=0.633mol =0.6329mol = 2.532mol
 on smallest no. of mole 0.633/0.632 0.6329/0.632 2.532/0.632
=1 =1 =4
The empirical formula is K1 Mn1 O4
KMnO4

Example 3.9 p90:
Chem- Ascorbic acid composed of 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50%
110 O by mass. Determine its empirical formula.
C H O
% 100g 40.92g 4.58g 54.50g

n=m/MM 40.92/12.01 4.58/1.008 54.50/16.00
= 3.407mol =4.54.mol = 3.406 mol
 on smallest no. of 3.407/3.406 0.4.54/3.406 3.406/3.406
mole =1 = 1.33 =1
Convert into integer x 3 3.99 = 4 3
3
The empirical formula C3 H4 O3
is C3H4O3

Chem- Determination of the Molecular Formula
110 from the Percent Composition by Mass
Example 3.11 p93:
A sample compound contains 1.52g of N and 3.47g of O.
The molar mass of this compound is between 90g and 95g.
Determine the molecular formula.
Solution:
N O Present Composition
by Mass
% 100g 1.52 3.47
n=m/MM 1.52/14.01 3.47/16.00 ↓
= 0.108mol = 0.217mol Empirical Formula
 on smallest no. of 0.108/0.108 0.217/0.108
mole =1 =2 ↓
The empirical Molecular Formula
formula is NO2 28
Chem- 4. The molar mass of the empirical formula
110 NO2 = 14.01 + (2x16.00) = 46.01g
5. The ratio between the empirical formula and the

molecular formula:
molar mass of compound 92.5

Ratio  Ratio   2.01
empirical molar mass 46.01
The molecular formula is (empirical formula)Ratio
⸫ The molecular formula is (NO2)2 = N2O4

Chem- 3.7 Chemical Reactions and
110 Chemical Equations
 Chemical Reaction: is a
process in which one or more
substances is changed into one
or more new substances
 Chemical Equation: uses chemical symbols

to show what happens during a chemical
reaction
reactants products
Chem- 3 ways of representing the reaction of H2
110 with O2 to form H2O

Chem- How to “Read” Chemical Equations?
110
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Read it!
√
2 Mg atoms + 1O2 molecule makes 2 formula units MgO
2Mg moles + 1 O2 mole makes 2 moles MgO √

48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
√
Molar masses
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
X
Chem- Balancing Chemical Equations
110
1. Write the correct formula/s for the
reactant/s on the left side and the correct
formula/s for the product/s on the right side
of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
33
copyright of chemistry 110 development team
Chem- 3. Start by balancing those elements that appear
110 in only one reactant and one product.
‫توزن اوال العناصر االقل ظهورا‬
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
‫ثم توزن العناصر االكثر ظهورا‬
5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of
the equation.
‫الخطوه االخيره هي التأكد من ان لديك نفس العدد من الذرات لكل عنصر على‬
‫طرفي المعادله‬

Chem- 3. Start by balancing those elements that appear
110 in only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Chem- 4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
110
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7

2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Chem- 5. Check to make sure that you have the same number
110 of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O

Chem- H.W. What is the coefficient of H2O when the equation is
balanced:
110 _ Al4C3 + _ H2O  _ Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
a. 13
b. 4
c. 6
d. 12
H.W. What are the coefficients of Al4C3 ,H2O and Al(OH)3,

respectively, when the equation is balanced:
_ Al4C3 + _ H2O  _ Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
a. 4,1,5
b. 1,12,4
c. 1,24, 4
d. 4,12,1

Chem-
110
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and
Products
• Two important questions:

• How much product will be formed from specific
amount of reactants?
• e.g. 6.0 g reactant→ ? Product
• How much starting reactants must be used to

obtain a specific amount of product?
• e.g. ? reactant → 6.0 g product

Chem-
Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions
110
1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units 40
Chem-
110
Example 3.13 p101:
C6 H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6 H 2O

If 856g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a
certain period, what is the mass of CO2 produced?
Solution:
C6 H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6 H 2O
Balanced!

Chem- 2. Convert quantities of known substances into
110 moles → convert grams of C6H12O6 to moles of
C6H12O6
m(C6 H12O6 )
n(C6 H12O6 ) 
M (C6 H12O6 )
856g
  4.750 mol
180.2g/mol
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to

calculate the number of moles of the sought
quantity → mole ratio (from the balanced
equation):
1 mole C6H12O6 → 6 mole of CO2
4.754 mole → ? mole CO2 42
Chem- 6 mol x 4.754 mol
110 n(CO2 )   28.50 mol
1 mol
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units →

convert the moles of CO2 → grams of CO2 (Theoretical
yield)
m(CO2 )
n(CO2 )   m  nxM
M (CO2 )
m(CO2 )  28.50 mol x 44.01 g/mol  1.25 x10 g
3
Summary: grams of C6H12O6 → moles of C6H12O6 → moles

of CO2 → grams of CO2 (Theoretical yield)
43
110
2 Li ( s )  2 H 2O(l )  2 LiOH (aq)  H 2 ( g )
How many grams of Li are needed to
produce 9.89g of H2?
Strategy:
grams of H2 → moles of H2 → moles of Li→ grams of Li

Chem- Solution:
110
2. convert grams of H2 to moles of H2
m( H 2 )
n( H 2 ) 
M (H 2 )
9.89g
  4.920 mol
2.016g/mol
3. Mole ratio (from the balanced equation) → Moles of Li

2 mole of Li → 1 mole H2
?mole of Li → 4.927 mole H2
Chem-
110 2 mol x 4.927 mol
n( Li )   9.854 mol
1 mol
4. Convert the moles of Li → grams of Li

m
n  m  nxM
M
m( Li )  9.854 mol x6.941 g/mol  68.1g

Chem-
110
3.9 Limiting Reagent ‫الكاشف المحدد‬
• Limiting Reagent: is the reactant used up first in a
reaction and thus determine the amount of product
• Excess Reagent ‫الكاشف الفائض‬: is the reactant

present in quantities greater than necessary to
react with the quantity of the limiting reagent (the
one that is left at the end of the reaction).
• Limiting reagent is in a reaction of more than one

reactant!

3.9 Limiting Reagent ‫الكاشف المحدد‬
Chem-
110
Products
reactants
Chem-
110
Limiting
reagents
Excess
reagents

Chem- Limiting Reagent:
110
Reactant used up first in
the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent

Chem-
110 Questions in Limiting Reagent:
• First: we have to determine which reactant is the

limiting reagent and which is the excess reagent!
• Second: after we know which one is the limiting

reagent, we could determine the amount of the
product!!
• Third: after we know the excess reagent, we could

determine how much excess of it is left at the end of
the reaction!!!

Chem- Example 3.15 P102:
110
2 NH 3 ( g )  CO2 ( g )  ( NH 2 ) 2 CO(aq)  H 2O(l )
637.2g of NH3 are treated with 1142g of CO2.
(a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting

reagent?
(b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
(c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at
the end of the reaction?

Solution:
Chem- (a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
‫ النه يحد من كميه الناتج‬,‫المتفاعل اللذي يعطي موالت اقل من الناتج هو الكاشف المحدد‬
110 .‫التي يمكن ان تتكون‬
Steps:
2NH3 (g) +1CO2 (g) → (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O (ι)
convert the mass → to moles Steps:

1. Convert reactants into moles
n NH3 = 637.2 /17=37.482 /2 = 18.74 2. Divide by coefficient
n CO2 = 1142/ 44= 25.95 /1 = 25.95 3. Reactants with small

number (ratio) is limiting
18.74 < 25.95
a) So NH3 is the limiting reagent 53

Chem- b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
110
2NH3 (g) +CO2 (g) → 1 (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O (ι)
From chemical eq. 2 mol NH3 = 1 mol (NH2)2CO

37.48 mol NH3 = x
number of moles of (NH2)2CO produced = (37.48 x 1) /2
= 18.71 mol
𝒎
𝒏= ∴ 𝒎 = 𝒏 𝒙 𝑴𝑴
𝑴𝑴
m [ 𝐍𝐇𝟐 𝟐𝐂𝐎] = 18.71 mol x 60.06 g/mol = 1124 g
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end
Chem- of the reaction?
110
Excess reagent is CO2:
grams of CO2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO2)
From chemical eq. 2 mol NH3 = 1 mol CO2

37.482 mol = x
number of moles of CO2 reacted = 37.482 x 1/2 = 18.74 mol
mass of CO2 = n × MM = 18.74 x 44 = 824.56 g
grams of CO2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO2)

= 1142 - 823.4 = 318.6 g
55
H.W. # 1: When 22.0 g NaCl and 21.0 g H2SO4 are mixed and
Chem- react according to the equation below, which is the limiting
110 reagent?
2NaCl + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(a) NaCl
(b) H2SO4
(c) Na2SO4
(d) HCl
(e) No reagent is limiting.
H.W. # 2: Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO)

in oxygen gas:
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate the number of moles
of CO2 produced if there is enough oxygen gas to react with
all of the CO.
(a) 7.20 mol The limiting Reagent is CO
(b) 44.0 mol
(c) 3.60 mol
(d) 1.80 mol
Chem- 3.10 Reaction Yield
110
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that
would result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually

obtained from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Actual Yield is always less.

110
TiCl4 ( g )  2Mg (l )  Ti ( s )  2MgCl2 (l )
3.54 x107g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 x

107g of Mg.
(a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams

(b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti
are actually obtained.
Chem- Solution:
110 (a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.
Strategy:
1. Given: Masses of two reactants → limiting reagent problem

2. Masses of reactants → moles of reactant
3. Moles of reactants → used to calculate the moles of
product
4. Moles of product is the less number of moles (limiting
reagent)
5. Moles of product → grams of product (theoretical yield of
the product)

Chem- 1TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (ɭ)→ Ti (s)+ 2MgCl2 (ɭ)
110
n TiCl4 = 3.54×107 /189.68 = 1.87x105 mol

from the equation, Ratio= 1.87x105/1 = 1.87x105
n Mg = 1.13×107 g / 24.3 = 4.64 x105 mol

from the equation, Ratio= 4.64 x105/2 = 2.32 x105
ratio of TiCl4 (1.87x105) < ratio of Mg (2.32 x105)

So TiCl4 is the limiting reagent
60
Chem-
110 From chemical eq.
1 mole TiCl4 → 1 mole Ti
1.87 x105 mole → ?n Ti
n(Ti) =1.87 x105 mol
mass of Ti = theoretical yield of Ti
m(Ti) = n x MM
= 1.87x105 mol x 47.88 g/mol = 8.95x106 g

Chem-
110
(b) Calculate the percent yield if
7.91 x 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.
actual yield
% yield  x100
theoretical yield
6
7.91x10 g
 6
x100  88.4%
8.95 x10 g
H.W. Solve the practice exercise p107

Chemistry 110
Dr. Laila M Alharbi development
Dr. Nuha Wazzan Dr. Dalal A. Alezi
Dr. Eman Hegazy Dr. Nada Y. Tashkandi
team
Dr. Amal Basaleh Dr. Effat Bahaidarah
Dr. Zahra M Al-amshany Dr. Wafa A. Bawazeer
Dr. Nazeeha S Alkayal Dr. Wejdan Alsaggaf
Dr. Nahed Bawakid Dr. Basma Alhogbi
Dr. Taghreed M. Fagieh Dr. Heba Rashad Alnajjar
Dr. Fatmah Alshareef Dr. Soha M Albukhari
Dr. Qana Abed Alsulami Dr. Zoya Zaheer
Dr. Heba Abbas Kashmery Dr. Amna Nisar Khan copyright of chemistry 110 development team
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Chem110: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

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Chem110: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

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Chem110

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• know and calculate Atomic Mass

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3.1 Atomic Mass

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• On this scale 1H= 1.008 amu

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• Atomic mass of carbon = 12.01 not 12.00

• The isotopes of Carbon are 12C & 13C

 % abundance of isotope 1   % abundance of isotope 2 

98.90 x 12 + 1.10 x 13 = 12.01 amu

Average atomic mass of lithium:

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are 62.93 amu & 64.9278 amu, respectively.

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

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• The atomic mass of 12C is 12.00 amu = 12.00 g

• 1 mole of 12C = 12.00 amu = 12.00 g

⸪ One mole = NA ( 6.0221367 x 1023)

⸫ How to Calculate the Number of Moles (n)

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝑵 (𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔)

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M = molar mass in g/mol

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𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟏

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m = 0.356 mol x 65.39 g/mol = 23.3 g

For any molecule

Example 3.6 p86:

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝟔.𝟎𝟕

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Percent composition of an element in a compound =

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52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

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‫ايا من هذه المواد هواغنى مصدر للنيتروجين على‬

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2. Divide by the smallest number of moles: 0.632 mol → mole

3. All are integers → Finish

% 100g 24.75g 34.77g 40.51g

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% 100g 40.92g 4.58g 54.50g

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5. The ratio between the empirical formula and the

molar mass of compound 92.5

The molecular formula is (empirical formula)Ratio

⸫ The molecular formula is (NO2)2 = N2O4

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 Chemical Equation: uses chemical symbols

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2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Read it!

2Mg moles + 1 O2 mole makes 2 moles MgO √

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

5. Check to make sure that you have the same

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C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

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2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

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