PLANE AREAS

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
• find the area of a plane region.
• evaluate a definite integral using the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• find the area of a region between two curves
using integration.
• find the area of a region between intersecting
curves using integration
 DIFFERENTIAL OF AREA
• The differential of area bounded by any curve,
the x-axis, a fixed ordinate and a variable
ordinate is equal to the product of the
variable ordinate and the differential of the
abscissa.
From the foregoing, it now follows that the area
under the curve, may be expressed as

𝐀 = න 𝒅𝑨 = න 𝒚𝒅𝒙
 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Given a function q(x), continuous, one-valued and differentiable
over the domain 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, let the interval a…b, be divided into n
equal subintervals, each of length
(𝒃 − 𝒂)
∆𝒙 = ,
𝒏
where the points of division are the set
𝑎 = 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 < 𝑥3 … < 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑏,
and if a quantity Q, could be expressed as
𝑸 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 σ𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒒 𝒙𝒊 ∆𝒙, then
𝒏→∞
𝒃

𝑸 = න 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 ,
𝒂
 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
AS THE AREA OF A REGION
• If f is continuous and nonnegative on the
closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 , then the area of the
region bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis,
and the vertical lines 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒃is
given by
𝒃

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
 EXAMPLE
1. Find the area bounded by 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6 =
0; 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑥 = −2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2.
2. Find the area bounded by curve
3 1
𝑦 = 3 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 , and the lines 𝑥 = − ,
2
1
𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0.
2
3. Find the area bounded by 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 ,
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 = −1 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 1.
 AREA BETWEEN CURVES
RULE 1. To obtain, in a vertical element, a
positive area dA, subtract the ordinate of the
lower from the ordinate of upper boundary
curves, to get the altitude of the strip.

𝐴 = න 𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
RULE 2. To obtain, in a horizontal element, a
positive area dA, subtract the left hand x from
the right hand x of the curves to get the base of
the strip.
𝑑

𝐴 = න(𝑥𝑟 −𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦

𝑐
 EXAMPLE
I. Sketch the region bounded by the graphs of the algebraic functions
and find the area of the region.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4
2
4. 𝑥2 = 4𝑦, 𝑦 = − 𝑥, 6𝑥 − 𝑦 − 20 = 0
3
II. Find the area bounded by the parabola 4𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , its normal
3
at P(1, ), and the x-axis.
4
III. An aluminum sheet rectangular in shape has dimensions 3 and 4
feet. If a semi-elliptical pattern, 4 feet at the base and 3 feet high
is cut off from the sheet, how much of the sheet is wasted?
IV. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, between
two successive intersections.