DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Prepared by:
IRINEO P. QUINTO
 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

If f is a function, then we say:

A is the limit of f (x) as x approaches a

if the value of f (x) gets arbitrarily close to A as x approaches a. This is

written in mathematical notation as:
PROPERTIES OF LIMIT
ASYMPTOTES
LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION OF e
 L’HOSPITAL’S RULE (LHR)

0 ∞
Applicable only to the form: 𝑜𝑟
0 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥)

1. For 0* 2. For  - 

1 1
−
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎 f(x) g(x) = lim𝑥 →𝑎 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎
1
ൗ𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
or 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎 1
ൗ𝑓(𝑥)
 L’HOSPITAL’S RULE

3. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 00 𝑜𝑟 ∞0 4. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥) ln 𝑓(𝑥)
ln 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 →𝑎 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→𝑎
1ൗ 1ൗ
ln 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA

1. d(un) = n un-1 du 5. 𝑑 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢

2. d(uv) = udv + vdu 6. 𝑑 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1
u vdu - udv 7. 𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
3. d = 𝑢
v v2
v 1
4. d uv = uv { du + ln u dv } 8. 𝑑 (𝑙𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑢
u 𝑢
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

𝑑𝑢
7. 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢) =
1. d (sin u) = cos u du 1 − 𝑢2
−𝑑𝑢
2. d (cos u) = -sin u du 8. d(cos −1 𝑢) =
1 − 𝑢2
3. d (tan u) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −1
𝑑𝑢
9. 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) =
1 + 𝑢2
4. d (cot u) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −1
−𝑑𝑢
10. 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) =
5. d (sec u) = sec u tan u du 1 + 𝑢2
−1
𝑑𝑢
6. d (csc u) = -csc u cot u du 11. 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) =
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
−1
−𝑑𝑢
12. 𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢) =
𝑢 𝑢2 − 1
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

𝑑𝑢
7. 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢) =
1. d (sinh u) = cosh u du 𝑢2 + 1
𝑑𝑢
2. d (cosh u) = sinh u du 8. d(cosh−1 𝑢) =
𝑢2 − 1
3. d (tanh u) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −1
𝑑𝑢
9. 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ) =
4. d (coth u) =−𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑢2
−1
−𝑑𝑢
5. d (sech u) = -sech u tanh u du 10. 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ ) =
1 − 𝑢2
6. d (csch u) = -csch u coth u du −1
𝑑𝑢
11. 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ ) =
𝑢 1 − 𝑢2
−1
−𝑑𝑢
12. 𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ ) =
𝑢 1 − 𝑢2
DERIVATIVE FROM PARAMETRIC
EQUATIONS

𝑑𝑦ൗ
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
1. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥ൗ
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2. 2
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND INFLECTION
POINT

The function y = f(x) has a maximum or minimum point at x = a if:

y’ = 0 (first derivative test)

The function has a The function has a
maximum point if: minimum point if:
y’’ < 0 y’’ > 0
The function has an inflection point at x = a if:
y’’ = 0 and y’’’ ≠ 0
1. What is the slope of the tangent line to the curve x + y = xy at point (-1, 5)?

2. If y = x/2 + sin2x/4, find x for which dy/dx = 0.

3. If y = ln(sec x + tan x), find dy/dx.

4. Find the maximum point of y = 4 + 3x – x3.

5.. What is the value of x for which y = 2x3 – 3x2 + 36x + 25 will have an inflection point?

6. A picture 2 m high is hanging on a wall with the bottom of the picture 0.60 m above the observer’s eye level. How
far from the wall must an observer stand in order that the angle subtended by the picture be a maximum?

7. An LRT train 5 m above the ground crosses a street at a speed of 20 m/s at the instant that a car running at a speed
of 8 m/s is directly below the train. Find the rate at which the train and the car are separating one second later.

8. A closed right circular cylinder has a total surface area of 100 cm2. What should be the radius in order to provide
the largest possible volume?

9. The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 6 cm3/hr. At what rate is its surface area increasing when the
radius is 40 cm.
10. A tinsmith wishes to make a gutter of maximum cross section. If the cross section is trapezoid whose bottom and
sides are each 15 cm long, what should be the width across the top.

11. The paths of two planes flying in straight line at the same altitude intersect at an angle of 60 at point A. One of the
planes is flying at 300 kph towards A while the other is flying at 400 kph away from A. If at some point, they are 100 km
away from A, find the rate at which the distance between them is changing.

12. A man 2 m tall is walking at the rate of 1.50 m/s toward a street light which is 5 m above the ground. At what rate is
the length of his shadow shortening?

13. A trapezoidal trough is 3 m long, 1.20 m wide at the top and 0.60 m wide at the bottom and 0.60 m deep. If water
flows in at 0.30 m3/min, how fast is the water surface rising when the water is 28 cm deep?

14. Find the approximate percentage error made in computing for the surface area of a sphere if an error of 2% is made in
measuring the radius of the sphere.

15. A chord of a circle 4 m in diameter is increasing at the rate of 0.60 m/min. Find the rate of change of the smaller arc
subtended by the chord when the chord is 3 m long.

16. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the top of a house 112 ft high. Its equation of motion is s = -16t2 + 96t where
s (in feet) is the directed distance of the ball from the starting point at t seconds. Find the instantaneous velocity of the
ball at the end of 2 seconds.
17. A rectangular field is to be fenced off along the bank of the river. No fence is required along the river. If the material for
the fence cost P24.00 per meter for the two ends and P36.00 per meter for the side parallel to the river. Find the area of
the field of the largest possible area that can be enclosed with P10,800.00 worth of fence.

18. Find the height of the circular cone of minimum volume that can be circumscribed about a sphere of radius a.

19. Find the most economical proportions for a cylindrical cup.

20. What is the largest area of a rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm?