Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNDERGROUND
PILLAR DESIGN
Ridho K. Wattimena
05
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05
PILLAR STRESS
PILLAR STRESS
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
Room-and-Pillar
Mining Method
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
Longwall
Mining Method
05 @RKW
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
Tributary Area Concept
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
WO = Opening width
WP = Pillar width
LP = Pillar length
05 @RKW
Tributary Area Concept
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
( LP WO ) (WP WO ) s V
sP (flat seam)
( LP WP )
( LP WO ) (WP WO ) s V
sP (cos sin )
( LP WP )
(inclined seam, dipping degree)
05 @RKW
Pariseau (1982)
H H
sP 2 tP 2
1 R 1 R
sP = average normal pillar stress
tP = average shear pillar stress
= unit weight of overburden
H = depth below surface
K0 = ratio of in-situ horizontal to vertical stress
R = extraction ratio
= dip of seam
05 @RKW
Szwilski (1982)
LP S W f
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
2WP 3S
s P H
2WP LP
05
Szwilski (1982)
@RKW
Hedley & Grant (1972)
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
H cos 2 s h sin 2
sP
1 R
sP = average normal pillar stress
= unit weight of overburden
H = depth below surface
R = extraction ratio
sh = in situ horizontal stress
= dip of ore body
05 @RKW
Whittaker & Singh (1979)
9.81 w 2 cot
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
sP w W H
2 w W/H < 2(tan)
1000w 4
s P 9.81w wH H 2 tan W/H > 2(tan)
05 @RKW
Numerical Methods
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05
PILLAR STRENGTH
PILLAR STRENGTH
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
Pillar Empirical Design Method
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
Linear Shape Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
w
Ps K A B
h
Ps = pillar strength
K = strength constant related to pillar material
w = pillar width
h = pillar height
A, B = empirically derived constants, A+B=1.0
05 @RKW
Linear Shape Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
w
Ps K A B
h
05 @RKW
Linear Shape Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
w
Ps K A B
h
What is K?
Unconfined compressive strength of a cubical pillar
specimen (Obert & Duvall, 1967)
Unconfined compressive strength of a cubical pillar
specimen 30 cm square (Bieniawski, 1975)
05 @RKW
Linear Shape Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
(Hudyma, 1988)
05 @RKW
Power Shape Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
Ps = pillar strength
K = unconfined compressive strength of a 30 cm
cubical pillar specimen
w = pillar width
h = pillar height
05 @RKW
Size Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
wa
Ps K
hb
Ps = pillar strength
K = strength constant related to pillar material
w = pillar width
h = pillar height
a, b = empirically derived constants
05 @RKW
Size Effect Formula
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
wa
Ps K
hb
Source a b
Steart (1954) 0.5 1.0
Holland-Gaddy (1962) 0.5 1.0
Greenwald et al. (1939) 0.5 0.833
Hedley & Grant (1972) 0.5 0.75
Salamon & Munro (1967) 0.46 0.66
Bieniawski (1968) 0.16 0.55
Sheorey et al. (1987)*) 0.5 0.86
*) slender pillars
05 @RKW
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05
FOS OF PILLAR
FOS of Pillar
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
Ps
FOS
sP
Assumptions
The seam is subjected only to vertical pressure, which is
constant over the mined area.
Each pillar supports the column of rock over an area that is
the sum of the cross-sectional area of the pillar plus a
portion of the room area.
The load is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional
area of the pillar.
05 @RKW
FOS of Pillar
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
Ps
FOS
sP
However,
Stress is not evenly distributed over the cross section of an
individual pillar.
Stress on pillars increases with percentage extraction.
Stress distribution in pillars depends upon the ratio of
pillar width to pillar height.
05 @RKW
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05
AN EXAMPLE
Mohan et al. (2001)
h w wO Sp sp
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
Mohan et al. (2001)
h w wO Sp sp
TA 4121 – Underground Stability
05 @RKW
2016 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
05 @RKW
2016 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
rectangular/square pillars
R. Singh, A. Kumar, A.K. Singh, J. Coggan, S. Ram
6. Average vertical stress on irregular elastic pillars estimated
by a function of the relative extraction ratio
T. Hauquin, O. Deck, Y. Gunzburger
05 @RKW
2015 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
05 @RKW
2014 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
05 @RKW
2013 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
extraction
C.P. Please, D.P. Mason, C.M. Khalique, J.M.T. Ngnotchouye,
A.J. Hutchinson, J.N. van der Merwe, H. Yilmaz
2. Web pillar design approach for Highwall Mining extraction
J.L. Porathur, S. Karekal, P. Palroy
3. Subsidence risk assessment of decommissioned bord-and-
pillar collieries
B.A. Poulsen, B. Shen
4. Developing coal pillar stability chart using logistic
regression
R.K. Wattimena, S. Kramadibrata, I.D. Sidi, M.A. Azizi
05 @RKW
2013 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar
05 @RKW
2012 IJRMMS Publications on Pillar