In technical usage, quality can

have two meanings:

1. The charactersitics of a product
or service that bear on its ability
to satisfy stated or imimplied
needs.
2. A product or service free of
deficiencies.
 The quality of a product or
service refers to the perception of
the degree to which the product
or service meet the customer’s
expectation. Quality has no
specific meaning unless related
to a specific function and/or
object. Quality is a perceptual
conditional and somewhat
subjective attribute.
Quality<->Dependability<->Speed<-
>Flexibility<->Cost
Quality supports Dependability
Dependability supports Speed
Speed supports Flexibilty
Flexibility supports Cost
In the manufacturing industry it
is commonly staed that “Quality
drives productivity”
Improved of productivity is a
source if greater revenues,
employement opportunities and
techonological advances.
The best way to think about
quality is in process control.
 Quality Improvement can be distuinguished
from quality control in that quality
improvement is the purposeful change of a
process to improve reability of achieving an
outcome
 Quality Control is the ongoing effort to
maintain the integrity of a process to maintain
the reliability of achieving an outcome
 Quality Assurance is the planed or systematic
actions neccesary to provide enough
confidence that a product or service will satisfy
the given requirement for equality
With development teams of
two or three in daily contact
and frequently exchanging
views and criticisms,
detailed, written quality and
task- completion checking
procedures may be felt to be
unnecessary.
Procedures are still need to be
agreed and the results need to
be documented. The need to
check quality and task
completion applies at all
stages of the development
process but is underlined
especially during the
prototype validation stages.
The importance of
documenting applies
whatever the size of the team
and what ever the complexity
of the software. In the
production of assets, this may
involve checking to confirm
the following:
 That all asset files listed in the product
specification document have been
produce;
 that files are correctly named;
 that files are correctly byte size or near
the projected file size
 The files are the correct resolution
 that the quality of files displaying on the
target monitor or heard on target
listening equipment is acceptable
NOTE THAT SAMPLING IS A SELDOM
SATISFACTORY CHECKING-METHOD.
Checking should be exhaustive,
unless for reasons of time or
economy this is impossible. Usually,
however, trying to economize on
checking and testing is a false
economy and cutting corners here
will often come back to haunt the
development team
At the end of the day,
all files will need to be
tested and, if at all
possible, this shoud be
done sooner rather
than at a later trial
stage
Manufacturers can choose
from a variety of tools to
improve their quality
processes. The trick is to
know which tools to use for
each situation and increasing
sophistication of the tools in
the repertoire.
Easy to implement and follow up,
the most commonly used and
well-known quality process is
the plan/do/check/act (PDCA)
cycle
The PDCA cycle promotes
contionous improvement and
should thus be visualized as a
spiral instead of a closed circle.
 SIX- STEP PROFIT MODEL IN WHICH
THE ACRONYM STANDS FOR:
P = Problem definition
R = Root cause identification and analysis
O = Optimal solution based on root causes.
F = Finalize how the corrective action will be
implemented
I = Implement by the plan
T = Track the effectieness of the implementation
and verify that the desired results are met.
The key to succesful
problem resolution is the
ability to identify the
problem, use the
appropriate tools based on
the nature of the problem,
and communicate the
solution quickly others.
FLOWCHARTS describe in a
process in as much detail as
possible by graphically
displaying the steps in proper
sequence. A good FLOWCHART
should show all process steps
points for control, sugggest ares
for further improvement, and
help explain and solve problem
Check sheets help
organize data by category.
They show how many
times ewach particular
value occur, and their
information is
increasingly helpful as
more data are collected.
A Pareto diagram puts data in a
hierchical order which allows the
most significant problems to be
corrected first. The Pareto analysis
technique is used primarily to
identify and evaluate
noncoformities, although It can
simmarize all types of data. It is
perhaps the diagram most often
used in management
presentations.
A cause and effect diagram
decribes a relationship between
variables. The undersirable
outcome is effect diagram
describes a relationship
between variables. The
undersirable outcome is shown
as effect and related causes are
leading to the said effect.
A fish bone diagram deisplays all
contributing factors and their
relationship to the outcome to
identify areas where data should
be collecte and analyzed.
Quantitative information can also
be used to prioritize means for
improvement, whether it be to
machine, design or operator.
 The histogram plots data in a
frequency distribution table.
Commonly used to present quality
improvement data, histograms work
best with small amounts of data that
vary considerably. When used in
process capability studies,
histograms can display specification
limits to show what portion of the
data do not meet the specifications
A scatter diagram shows how
to variables are related and is
thus used to test for cause and
effect relationships. I cannot
prove the one variable causes
the change in the other, only
the relationship exists and
how strong it is.
A control chart displays
statistically determined
upper and lower limits
drawn on either side of
a process average