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FALLSEM2012-13 CP0636 25-Oct-2012 RM01
FALLSEM2012-13 CP0636 25-Oct-2012 RM01
systems
Batteries
Electrolytic cell
• A device in which the electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy and resulting in a chemical reaction
Batteries
• Batteries use a chemical reaction to do work on charge and
produce a voltage between their output terminals.
• The venerable
carbon-zinc cell
or Lechlanche' cell
was invented in
1866 by Georges
lachlanche and
was the most
common small
battery throughout
most of the 20th
century
• Dry cell contains Zn, NH4Cl, ZnCl2 and MnO2
• Anodic reaction
• Zn(s) -> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
• Cathodic reaction
• 2NH4+(aq) + 2MnO2(s) + 2e- -> Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l) + 2NH3(aq)
• Some of the complexity of this reaction comes from the fact that the
reduction of the ammonium ion produces two gaseous products
• The voltage of this cell is initially about 1.5 volts, but decreases as energy
is taken from the cell. Due to the accumulation of the products on
electrodes. It also has a short shelf life and deteriorates rapidly
• Oxidation of the zinc wall eventually causes the contents to leak out, so
such batteries should not be left in electric equipment for long periods.
• While these batteries have a long history of usefulness, they are declining
in application since some of their problems are overcome in ALKALINE
BATTERIES.
ALKALINE DRY
CELLS
• Alkaline cells overcome some of the problems
with carbon-zinc batteries by using potassium
hydroxide in place of ammonium chloride in
the electrolyte.
• At the cathode:
• 2MnO2 + H2 O + 2e – → Mn2 O3 + 2OH –
For full discharge: MnO2 + 2H2O + 2e– → Mn(OH)2 + 2OH –
• At anode
Li --- Li+ + e-
• At cathode
MnO2+2H2O+ e- --- Mn(OH)3 + OH-
• 1.4 Volt
• Energy density about double that of lead
acid batteries.
• Their small size and high rate discharge
capacity made portable tools and other
consumer applications practical for the first
time.
Chemistry
• At anode
Cd + 2OH- --Cd(OH)2 +2e-
• At cathode
2NiO(OH) +2H2O +2e- --2Ni(OH)2+2OH-
• Net reaction
2NiO(OH) + Cd +2H2O-Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2
Advantages
• Constant voltage(1.4V)
• No gaseous products
• Wide temperature range (Up to 70°C)
• Electrolyte
• Since lithium reacts violently with water, and the cell
voltage is so high that water would decompose, a
non-aqueous electrolyte must be used.
• A typical electrolyte is LiPF6 dissolved in an ethylene
carbonate and dimethyl carbonate mixture.
Discharging
Anode Cathode
Li1-XCoO2+ CnLix LiCoO2 + Cn LiCoO2+ Cn Li1-XCoO2 + CnLix
The lithium ion moves from the anode to the cathode during
discharge and from the cathode to the anode when charging.
Exploded laptop
• Li-ion batteries use organic solvents to suspend the lithium ions.
• In situations where the structure of the battery is compromised, that
solvent can ignite and vent from the pressurized battery.
• The result is a dangerous explosion
• The main advantage of Li-poly batteries that has been discussed in
the press recently is their reluctance to explode under duress
Lithium Polymer Battery
• Electrolyte is a polymer
Lithium polymer (Poly-Carbon
Monofluoride) batteries
← Charging
Lithium battery-battery of the
future
• Imagine your electrical equipment powered by
Lithium ion battery refuse to die out of charge.
• 2H2 + O2 2H2O
• Hydrogen (through anode) and oxygen (through
cathode) gases are bubbled through the respective
compartments.
• Electrode – porous , good conducting, excellent
catalyst for the reactions that take place on their
surfaces, not deteriorating by the electrolyte heat or
electrode reactions.
• Graphite impregnated with finely divided platinum,
or alloy of Pd, Ag and Ni serves the purpose if
hydrogen is the fuel.
• Electrolyte - aqueous KOH or H2SO4
• Applications:
• Auxiliary energy source in space vehicles,
submarines or other military-vehicles.
• Source of fresh water
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
• Anode, cathode and electrolyte all made up of ceramic
substances
• Anode : porous, to allow the fuel to flow to the electrolyte –
Nickel mixed with ceramic material of the electrolyte