APPLICATION OF MACHINE

LEARNING IN MINING

Presented by
Dr Rajesh Rai
Dept of Mining engineering, IIT (BHU)
INTRODUCTION
 Machine learning techniques are widely used in several
industries, e.g. automation, robotics, image processing, power,
service, construction, etc.
 It is a scientific approach to study algorithms and statistical of
various models that can be effectively used to perform a specific
task without using any instructions from the operator.
 Machine learning techniques are grouped into three categories:-

 Supervised learning

 Unsupervised learning

 Reinforcement learning
SUPERVISED LEARNING

 Supervised learning
 Classification: Classifying labeled data
 Regression: prediction trends using previous labeled data

 Unsupervised learning
 Clustering: finding patterns and groupings from unlabeled data
SUPERVISE LEARNING
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
 Supervised Learning
 Classification techniques: Support vector machine (SVM),
Decision trees, k-nearest neighbor, Naïve Bayes,
 Regression techniques: linear model , Nonlinear model, ,
Neural networks, neuro-fuzzy learning

 Unsupervised learining: Clustering: K-Means, Hierarchical,

Neural Network, Hidden Markov model
IMPORTANT MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS

 Artificial
neural networks
 Support vector machines
 Bayesian networks
 Genetic algorithms
 Fuzzy logic
 Random Forest
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
 Similar to human brains that consist of the biological
neurons and work in the same way as a human
brain would thinks
 There neurons form a complex Network of several hidden
layers that is called neural network
 Uses in many different machine learning algorithms to
trained and process complex data inputs
 E.g. for robotics, computer vision, machine
translation, social network filtering, speech recognition
and playing video games and medical diagnosis
SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES

 Mainly used for classification and regression

 Built models which distribute the new data into
category based on previous training classification
 It is having high accuracy in classification for non-
linear problems
w x + b>0

How would you classify

this data?

w x + b<0
w x + b>0

How would you classify

this data?

w x + b<0
w x + b>0

How would you classify

this data?

w x + b<0
Linear Classifiers

Any of these would be

fine..

..but which is best?

Classifier Margin

Define the margin of a

linear classifier as the
width that the boundary
could be increased by
before hitting a datapoint
 a
Maximum Margin
x f yest
f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b)

Support Vectors are

those datapoints that
the margin pushes up
against
BAYESIAN NETWORKS

 Probabilistic graphical method that represents models

from a set of random variables with expert opinion.
 Can work with known structure or unknown structures
of data sets.
 Can be used to find out the probabilistic relationships,
prediction, anomaly detection, diagnostic, reasoning,
between different data sets or activities.
 Can also represent and solve decision problems under
uncertainty.
GENETIC ALGORITHM
 Search algorithm which used trial-and-
error method that imitates the selection of process
naturally
 Use to solve non-linear and non differential
optimization problems
 It involved mainly five phases i.e. Initial
population, Fitness function, Selection, Crossover
and Mutation.
Flow chart of Genetic Algorithm
FUZZY LOGIC
 Based on human reasoning
 Non-digital set theory and rule developed by Zadeh
 Provides the intermediate possible solution between digital values
YES and NO
 This will help in decision making which similar to human brain
that involves all intermediate possibilities
 Fuzzy logic gives the degree of membership in the form of function
 Helps in recognizing more than simple true and false values
 Includes fuzzification process, knowledge base, fuzzy inference
system, and defuzzification process
Process of Fuzzy system
RANDOM FOREST
 Based both classification and regression techniques
 Produces classifier using multiple decision trees from
randomly subset of training samples and variables
 Mitigates and solves the problems when the number of
input variable is much larger than the number of data for
training samples
 Used in banking sector, to find out correct combination of
medicine, to identify the stock behaviours, in image
classicisation, etc.
Typical structure of random forest classification
MINING APPLICATION
GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTING AND
EXPLORATION
 Presence of gold mineral in drill core from geophysical logs has
been predicted using six machine learning algorithms.
 Eight elements were analyzed (Ag, As, Au, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn)
and a significant part of the measurements was below the
detection limit.
(1) The k-Nearest neighbors (k-NN) method
(2) The naïve Bayesian method
(3) Support vector machine
(4) Classification trees and
(5) Ensemble algorithms
 Ore reserved Estimation
 Spatial distribution of ore grade is a function of distance

 When data is less, high nugget, less accuracy in ordinary kriging

 spatial and non-spatial variability

 Neural network to capture the spatial distribution of ore grade by

directly training the network with field assay data at borehole
locations.
 clustering data sets
 Fault detection
 Joint mapping
GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATION AND ROCK MECHANICS

 Landslide prediction using complex hydraulic models and

regression model
 Four tree-based machine learning algorithm has been
used for hazard modelling due to land subsidence
 Six risk factors, topography, geomorphology, hydrology
and lithology on Landslide
STRENGTH PROPERTIES

 Regression analysis
 ANN
 The conventional method to evaluate rock compressive strength
(RCS) in field is depends on hammering rocks and artificial
identification
 Non destructive method using machine learning algorithms to
examine the acoustic features of the geological hammer to predict
RCS.
SLOPE MONITORING

 Radar monitoring systems of previous failures

 A two-layer feed-forward prediction network
 predicted values compared to the inverse velocity
(IV) method
 The accuracy of slope failure predictions was
improved using minimum Inverse Velocity (MIV)
algorithm
LAND SUBSIDECNE
 The artificial neural network (ANN) has been used for slope
stability analysis methods using the finite element and limit
analysis methods
 ANN algorithm allows for the fast prediction of the safety factors of
slopes with probability of failure
 ANNs and genetic algorithms have been used in many geotechnical
investigations, for calculating the soil and rock properties.
 Pillar stability is very important to prevent any major
losses in underground mines
 Five potentially relevant factors, including the pillar
width, the pillar height, the ratio of the pillar width to
the pillar height, the uniaxial compressive strength of
the rock, and the pillar stress, were chosen to establish
the evaluation index system.
 Roof fall is the most crucial issue for safety in
underground coal mines
 Six parameters have been used ( Slake durability,
immediate roof thickness, structural feature value, RQD,
and span) as input in the fuzzy model and one output
(stand up time) was determined
 The comparison between obtained results from the model
and actual roof fall rate proved that the fuzzy model
could predict roof fall rate.
UNDERGROUND MINE ENVIRONMENT AND
VENTILATION
PREDICTION OF AIR RATE
OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTIVITY
 The multiple classifier (MC) methodology is used.
 Support Vector Machines and k-Nearest Neighbors
CONCLUSIONS

 It is found that there is a vast scope of machine learning in mining

industries.
 It can be used for predicting and forecasting failure in slope
stability, pillar design, maintenance, ventilation, etc.
 The primary application of machine learning in the mining area is
to predict the presence of mineral, classify remote sensing data,
landslide prediction, strength prediction of rock and soil, slope
stability, pillar design.
 It can be used in mine Environment and ventilation for prediction
of sufficient air quantity and flow rate in underground mining.
The maintenance of machinery can be efficiently performed using
machine learning tools.
Thanks