FOUNDATIONS

LUISA FERNANDA MENDEZ

MAIRA VALETINA TORRES
LUIS CARLOS VASQUEZ
EDGAR ALEJANDRO MORENO
ADRIAN CAMILO SERRATO
 A NEW AND REUSABLE FOUNDATIONS
SOLUTION FOR ONSHORE WINDMILLS
SOIL PROPERTIES
The main characteristics of the studied soil profiles are defined in this section, There are several profiles of important soils in the city of Sweden.
1. The first soil profile is from Kristianstad city. The groundwater level has been measured to approximately 1.5 m below the natural ground level.
2. The second soil profile is from Essunga municipality. The groundwater level has been measured to approximately 1.2 m below the natural
ground level. The bedrock, in this case, is 24.5 m beneath the natural ground surface.
3. The third soil profile is from Brålanda in Vänersborg municipality. No groundwater surface has been measured in the dense clay in this site.
The parameter values of the soils are presented in Table 1.
 FOUNDATION DESCRIPTION
1. raditional circular raft
A reinforced concrete raft is the traditional foundation system for most of the onshore windmills in Sweden. This foundation solution
uses the foundation weight and the soil weight over the foundation to resist

2. A cellular raft with an active stabilisation system

Windmill structures experience an extremely high horizontal wind loading giving a large overturning moment on the foundation. In
addition to this high overturning moment, windmill structures have a relatively low vertical load.
The traditional way to solve this problem is with a massive concrete volume in the foundation to resist the overturning moment.
Inspired by this, the new foundation solution presented here uses heavy natural materials as movable loads to improve the stability
of windmill structures.
Inglés

ADVANTAGE
1. A significant advantage of this solution is that some adjustments could be done to improve the load capacity of this
foundation and make it able to support larger and taller units in case of repowering the windmill. This foundation
solution uses the foundation weight and a movable load to resist the overturning moment.

2. Generally, excavation will be carried out to reach the foundation level. As mentioned, there is no backfill soil over
this type of foundation. Therefore, it is better to use the soil which is excavated to fill the waggons. In the calculations,
four waggons filled with a compacted soil(γ = 22 kN/m3)
 TEORÍA DE LA CAPACIDAD DE CARGA MEYERHOF
The load capacity is a characteristic of each foundation floor system, and not just an intrinsic quality of the soil.
Different types of soils differ in load capacity but it also happens that in a specific soil such capacity varies with the
type, shape, and size and depth of the foundation element that applies the pressure, can be determined using a
theory in which postulates a failure mechanism and determines the cut of the soil mobilized in the fault and the
geometry of the problem
Meyerhof in his theory of load
capacity takes into account the
shear stresses of development
in the ground above the level
of foundation drag. In addition,
foundations can have an
inclined load
 FORMULA DE CAPACIDAD GENERAL DE CARGA DE MEYERHOF

where qall is the allowable bearing capacity of the soil (kPa),

c is thecohesion (kPa),
q is the surrounding stress at the foundation level (kPa),
γ′ is the effective bulk unit weight of the soil (kN/m3 ),
beff is the effective width of the footing (m),
Nc ,Nq, Nyare the bearing capacity factors depending on the friction angle,
Sc, Sq ,Sy are the correction factors for the shape of the foundation,
dc, dq ,dy are the correction factors for the foundation depth, and
Ic, Iq , Iy are the correction factors for inclined loading
for the mechanism of
generalized failure to
occur, the soil must have a
"rigid" behavior (type C1)
valid for dense granular
soils and firm clays on
consolidated
 FOUNDATIONS
 The foundations are structural elements
whose function is to transmit the charges and
moments of a building towards the ground, so that the pressure
transmitted is less than what the ground can resist.

 This means that we must find an enplanted area to transmit an

acceptable pressure for the soil
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
• SUPERFICIAL FOUNDATIONS:
• They are those that rely on the superficial or shallow layers of
the soil, for having this sufficient bearing capacity or for being
secondary and relatively lightweight construction
constructions. In this type of foundation, the load is distributed
in a horizontal support plane.
• Surface foundations are classified as:
• Cyclopean foundations.

• Insulated shoes.

• Running shoes.

• Combined shoes.

• Foundation slabs.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS

• They are based on the shear stress between the ground and the foundation
• to withstand the loads applied, or more exactly on the friction
• vertical between the foundation and the ground. They must be located more
deeply, in order to distribute over a large area, an effort large enough to
support the load. Some methods used in deep foundations are:
 PILOTAGE
• They are slender foundation elements that are driven (piles)
• displacement
• prefabricated) or build in a previously open cavity in the ground (piles)
• Extraction
• executed
• in situ
• Formerly they were made of wood, until
• that the concrete began to be used in the 1940
CAPACIDAD DE CARGA DE
LAS CIMENTACIONES
 ESTUDIO DE LOS SUELOS
• El estudio de los suelos no da la información para
determinar el diseño y tipo de cimentación mas apropiado y
económico.
• Cimentación superficial
• Cimiento ciclópeo
• Cimientos de concreto armado
• Cimentaciones corridas
• Cimentación por zapatas
• Cimentación flotante
• Cimentaciones profundas
• Cimentaciones por pilotes
 ESTUDIO DEL SUELO

Teniendo en cuenta que el costo de

la investigación del suelo representa
un porcentaje muy bajo al costo de la
estructura. No todos los casos
requieren los mismo estudios, y
hasta las construcciones livianas
también necesitan estudio de suelo.
 CARGA ADMISIBLE

Es aquella que puede ser aplicada

sin producir desperfectos en la
estructura soportada, teniendo un
margen de seguridad llamado
coeficiente de seguridad adoptado.
Depende del tipo de estructura,
características del terreno y el tipo
de cimentación.
 TIPOS DE FALLA

Falla por corte general. Es súbita y

catastrófica característico de las
arenas compactas, el suelo se
hincha a ambos lado de la
cimentación
 FALLA POR CORTE PUNZONAMIENTO

se produce por un movimiento

vertical de la cimentación,
mediante la compresión del
suelo, se tiene en arcilla
suaves y arenas medias y
flojas
 FALLA POR CORTE LOCAL
Representa la transición entre
las dos fallas anteriores, se
produce hinchamiento y
asentamiento, no produce
inclinación de la zapata
 ÍNDICE DE RIGIDEZ

LA COMPRENSIBILIDAD
DEL SUELO SE DETERMINA
POR EL INDICE DE RIGIDEZ
CAPACIDAD DE PORTE DE TERZAGHI

• qd= CAPACIDAD DE CARGA LIMITE EN Ton/m2 o Kg/m2

• C= COHESION DEL SUELO EN Ton/m2 o Kg/m2
• Nc-Nq-Nw= COEFICIENTE QUE DEPENDE DEL ANGULO DE FRICCIÓN
• = PESO VOLUMÉTRICO DEL SUELO ton/m3 o Kg/m3
• Z= PROFUNDIDAD DE DEZPLANTE DE LA CIMENTACIÓN EN METROS=Df
• B= ANCHO DE LA ZAPATA CUADRADA, O DIMENSION PUEDE SER
RECTAGULAR
 CAPACIDAD DE PORTE DE TERZAGHI
Una vez determinada la carga admisible es necesario calcular el asentamiento a fin de ver
si tendrá o no un valor aceptable
 CAPACIDAD DE PORTE DE TERZAGHI

PARA CIMIENTOS SUPERFICIALES

DE LONGITUD INFINITA NORMAL AL
PLANO EN EL PAPEL.
• ENCONTRAMOS TRES ZONAS ES
LA QUE SENCUENTRA DEBAJO DE
LA CIMENTACION TIENE FORMA DE
CUÑA Y NO PUEDE PENETRAR AL
SUELO.
 CAPACIDAD DE PORTE DE TERZAGHI
ZONA DE CORTE RADIAL. ES UNA ZONA DE ZONA TRES. LA CUAL TRATA DE RESISTIR A
FALLA Y LAS GRANDES DEFORMACIONES DICHO LEVANTAMIENTO CON EL PESO DEL
QUE SE PRESENTAN EN ELLA PROVOCAN MATERIAL DE LA MISMA
UN LEVANTAMINETO DE LA ZONA TRES.
 CAPACIDAD DE CARGA DE LAS
CIMENTACIONES
• If the soil is very compressible, the type of failure will be punching. if the floor is practically
incomprehensible the type of failure will be by central cut.
• There is no general numerical criterion that allows to predict the type of breakage, but it is still
determined by the compressibility of the soil.
• THE MOMENT IS GREAT IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE LOAD, CAN BE OBTAIN THEORETICALLY
TRACTIONS WHERE PHYSICALLY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE, BECAUSE THERE IS NOTHING THAT AN
AL SOIL WITH THE SHOE.
• IN THESE CASES, WHAT YOU NEED MAKING YOURSELF IS WORKING WITH A PRESSURE
DIAGRAM THAT ONLY HAVE COMPRESSIONS (DIAGRAM TRIANGULAR).
• THE RESULTANT OF THE LOADS AND MOMENT ACTUATING AND THIS POINT IS MATCHED
WITH THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF TRIANGLE
CIMENTACIONES
 CRITERIA TO CHOOSE THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION CRITERIA TO
CHOOSE THE TYPE OF FOUNDATION

1.- Where possible, insulated footings should be used at the lowest cost and for that with them you can resist
not only axial loads but also moments.

2.- When the eccentricity produced by the moments increases and increases disproportionately the
dimensions of the shoe should be examined the possibility of deepen the foundation, reducing its dimensions
to what is necessary to resist the axial load, resisting the moments by action of the lateral reaction of soil in the
side faces of the shoe, as it is done on the posts.

3.- For the case of perimeter columns, when the axial load is not very high, use isolated eccentric shoes,
provided that it is attached to a slab or beam in the part higher.

4.- An alternative to this case is the use of foundation beams along the perimeter of the building.

5.- If the axial load in the perimeter columns is very high, it is recommended use of connected shoes.

6.- When the columns are very close and the shoe overlaps, shoes are used combined. It is also used in
elevator boxes.
 Requirements of a good
foundation

You must meet following fundamental

requirements:
1.- The level of the foundation must be at a depth
that you can find free from the danger of frost,
change in soil volume, water table, subsequent
excavations, etc.
2.- It will have dimensions such that it does not
exceed the stability or capacity carrying the soil.
3.- It must not produce a seat that is not
absorbable by the structure
GRACIAS