Çengel

Boles
CHAPTER

8
Thermodynamics

Gas Power
Cycles

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-1
Idealizations Help Manage
Analysis of Complex Processes
The analysis of many complex processes can be reduced to a
manageable level by utilizing some idealizations

(fig. 8-2)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-2
P-v and T-s diagrams of a Carnot
Cycle

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-3
Nomenclature for Reciprocating
Engines

(Fig. 8-10)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-4
Reciprocating Engine Displacement
and Clearance Volumes

(Fig. 8-11)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-5
The Net Work Output of a Cycle
The net work output of a cycle is equivalent to the product of the
mean effect pressure and the displacement volume

(Fig. 8-12)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-6
Actual and Ideal Cycles in Spark-
Ignition Engines and Their P-v Diagram

(Fig. 8-13)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-7
Schematic of a Two-Stroke
Reciprocating Engine

(Fig. 8-14)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-8
T-s Diagram for the Ideal Otto
Cycle

(Fig. 8-15)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-9
The Thermal Efficiency of the Otto
Cycle
The thermal efficiency of the Otto Cycle increases with the specific heat
ratio k of the working fluid

(Fig. 8-18)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-10
T-s and P-v Diagrams for the
Ideal Diesel Cycle

(Fig. 8-21)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-11
Thermal Efficiency of the Ideal
Diesel Cycle
The thermal efficiency of the ideal Diesel cycle as a function of
compression and cutoff rates (k=1.4)

(Fig. 8-22)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-12
P-v Diagram of an Ideal Dual Cycle

(Fig. 8-23)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-13
T-s and P-v Diagrams of Carnot,
Stirling, and Ericsson Cycles

(Fig. 8-26)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-14
An Open-Cycle Gas-Turbine
Engine

(Fig. 8-29)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-15
A Closed-Cycle Gas-Turbine
Engine

(Fig. 8-30)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-16
T-s and P-v Diagrams for the
Ideal Brayton Cycle

(Fig. 8-31)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-17
Thermal Efficiency of the Ideal Brayton
Cycle as a Function of the Pressure Ratio

(Fig. 8-32)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-18
The Net Work of the Brayton Cycle
For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net work of the Brayton cycle first
increases with the pressure ratio, then reaches a maximum at
rp=(Tmax/Tmin)k/[2(k-1)], and finally decreases

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-19
The Back-Work Ratio is the Fraction of
Turbine Work Used to Drive the Compressor

(Fig. 8-34)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-20
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine
Cycle From Brayton cycle
The deviation of an actual gas-turbine cycle from the ideal Brayton cycle
as a result of irreversibilities

(Fig. 8-36)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-21
A Gas-Turbine Engine With
Regenerator

(Fig. 8-38)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-22
T-s Diagram of a Brayton Cycle
with Regeneration

(Fig. 8-39)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-23
Thermal Efficiency of the ideal Brayton
cycle with and without regeneration

(Fig. 8-40)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-24
A Gas-Turbine Engine
A gas-turbine engine with two-stage compression with intercooling,
two-stage expansion with reheating, and regeneration

(Fig. 8-43)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-25
T-s Diagram of Ideal Gas-Turbine Cycle with
Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration

(Fig. 8-44)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-26
Turbojet Engine Basic Components and
T-s Diagram for Ideal Turbojet Cycle

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-27
Schematic of A Turbofan Engine

(Fig. 8-52)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-28
Illustration of A Turbofan Engine

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-29
Schematic of a Turboprop Engine

(Fig. 8-54)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-30
Schematic of a Ramjet Engine

(Fig. 8-55)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-31
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• A cycle during which a net amount of work is

produced is called a power cycle, and a power
cycle during which the working fluid remains a
gas throughout is called a gas power cycle.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-32
Chapter Summary

• The most efficient cycle operating between a heat

source at temperature TH and a sink at
Çengel temperature TL is the Carnot cycle, and its thermal
Boles
efficiency is given by
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-33
Chapter Summary

Çengel
• The actual gas cycles are rather complex. The
Boles approximations used to simplify the analysis are
Thermodynamics

known as the air-standard assumptions. Under

these assumptions, all the processes are assumed
to be internally reversible; the working fluid is
assumed to be air, which behaves as an ideal gas;
and the combustion and exhaust processes are
replaced by heat-addition and heat-rejection
processes, respectively.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-34
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The air-standard assumptions are called cold-air-
Thermodynamics

standard assumptions if, in addition, air is

assumed to have constant specific heats at room
temperature.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-35
Chapter Summary

• In reciprocating engines, the compression ratio r

and the mean effective pressure MEP are defined
Çengel
Boles
as
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-36
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for the spark-
ignition reciprocating engines, and it consists of
Thermodynamics

four internally reversible processes: isentropic

compression, constant volume heat addition,
isentropic expansion, and con-stant volume heat
rejection.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-37
Chapter Summary

• Under cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal

efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle is
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

where r is the compression ratio and k is the

specific heat ratio Cp /Cv.
Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-38
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for the
Thermodynamics

compression-ignition reciprocating engines. It is

very similar to the Otto cycle, except that the
constant volume heat-addition process is replaced
by a constant pressure heat-addition process.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-39
Chapter Summary

• The Diesel cycle thermal efficiency under cold-air-

standard assumptions is
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

where rc is the cutoff ratio, defined as the ratio of

the cylinder volumes after and before the
combustion process.
Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-40
Chapter Summary
• Stirling and Ericsson cycles are two totally
reversible cycles that involve an isothermal heat-
addition process at TH and an isothermal heat-
Çengel
Boles rejection process at TL. They differ from the
Thermodynamics

Carnot cycle in that the two isentropic processes

are replaced by two constant volume regeneration
processes in the Stirling cycle and by two
constant pressure regeneration processes in the
Ericsson cycle. Both cycles utilize regeneration, a
process during which heat is transferred to a
thermal energy storage device (called a
regenerator) during one part of the cycle that is
then transferred back to the working fluid during
Third Edition another part of the cycle.
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
 8-41
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The ideal cycle for modern gas-turbine engines is
Thermodynamics

the Brayton cycle, which is made up of four

internally reversible processes: isentropic
compression, constant pressure heat addition,
isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat
rejection.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-42
Chapter Summary
• Under cold-air-standard assumptions, the Brayton
cycle thermal efficiency is
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

where rp = Pmax/Pmin is the pressure ratio and k is

the specific heat ratio. The thermal efficiency of
the simple Brayton cycle increases with the
pressure ratio.
Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-43
Chapter Summary
• The deviation of the actual compressor and the
turbine from the idealized isentropic ones can be
accurately accounted for by utilizing their
Çengel
adiabatic efficiencies, defined as
Boles
Thermodynamics

and

where states 1 and 3 are the inlet states, 2a and 4a

are the actual exit states, and 2s and 4s are the
Third Edition
isentropic exit states.
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
 8-44
Chapter Summary

Çengel
• In gas-turbine engines, the temperature of the
Boles exhaust gas leaving the turbine is often
Thermodynamics

considerably higher than the temperature of the

air leaving the compressor. Therefore, the high-
pressure air leaving the compressor can be
heated by transferring heat to it from the hot
exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger,
which is also known as a regenerator.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-45
Chapter Summary

• The extent to which a regenerator approaches an

ideal regenerator is called the effectiveness e and
Çengel is defined as
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-46
Chapter Summary

• Under cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal

efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle with
Çengel
Boles
regeneration becomes
Thermodynamics

where T1 and T3 are the minimum and maximum

temperatures, respectively, in the cycle.
Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-47
Chapter Summary

Çengel • The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle can

Boles
also be increased by utilizing multistage
Thermodynamics

compression with intercooling, regeneration, and

multistage expansion with reheating. The work
input to the compressor is minimized when equal
pressure ratios are maintained across each stage.
This procedure also maximizes the turbine work
output.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-48
Chapter Summary

• Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power

Çengel
Boles aircraft because they are light and compact and
Thermodynamics

have a high power-to-weight ratio. The ideal jet-

propulsion cycle differs from the simple ideal
Brayton cycle in that the gases are partially
expanded in the turbine. The gases that exit the
turbine at a relatively high pressure are
subsequently accelerated in a nozzle to provide
the thrust needed to propel the aircraft.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-49
Chapter Summary

• The net thrust developed by the turbojet engine is

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

where m is the mass flow rate of gases, Vexit is the

exit velocity of the exhaust gases, and Vinlet is the
inlet velocity of the air, both relative to the aircraft

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-50
Chapter Summary

Çengel • The power developed from the thrust

. of the engine
Boles is called the propulsive power Wp and it is given
Thermodynamics

by

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-51
Chapter Summary

• Propulsive efficiency is a measure of how

Çengel efficiently the energy released during the
Boles
combustion process is converted to propulsive
Thermodynamics

energy, and it is defined as

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 8-52
Chapter Summary

• For an ideal cycle that involves heat transfer only

Çengel with a source at TH and a sink at TL, the
Boles
irreversibility or exergy destruction is determined
Thermodynamics

to be

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998