Poultry Breeding

SYSTEMS

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 • INBREEDING

• OUTBREEDING

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 INBREEDING
• Inbreeding involves the mating of related individuals within 4-6
generations

• Mating of the more closely related individuals than the average of

the population

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• CLOSE BREEDING
• Sire to Daughter
• Son to Dam
• Full brother and sister

• LINES BREEDING
• Half-brother and sister or mating of animals more distantly related, e.g.,
cousin mating

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 CLOSE BREEDING
• Mating of full sister to brother or sire to his daughter or dam to her
son

• Used only when both parents are outstanding individuals

• Increased risk of bringing undesirable recessive genes into

homozygous form in progeny

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Advantages

• Undesirable recessive genes may be discovered and eliminated by

further testing in this line

• Progeny is more uniform than outbred progeny

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Disadvantages

• The undesirable characteristics are intensified in the progeny if

unfavorable gene segregation occurs

• Progeny becomes more susceptible to diseases

• Breeding problems and reproductive failure usually increase

• Nothing left after 6 generations……….if intensified inbreeding…

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 LINE BREEDING
• Mating of animals of wider degrees of relationship than those selected
for close breeding
• Promotes uniformity in the character
• Homozygosity is not reached so quickly
• Neither desirable nor harmful characters are developed so quickly
• Slowed method for the fixation of hereditary outstanding rooster or hen
• Progeny is mentioned as being line bred to certain ancestors
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Advantages

• Increased uniformity

• Dangers involved in close breeding can be reduced

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 DISADVANTAGES

• Animal is selected from its pedigree giving no consideration to real

individual merit

• Result in a few generations which receive no benefits from selection

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 OUT-BREEDING

• Out-crossing

• Cross breeding

• Species hybridization

• Grading-up

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 OUT-CROSSING

• Mating of unrelated pure breed animals within the same breed

• Animals mated have no common ancestors on either side of their

pedigree up to 4-6 generations

• Offspring of such mating is known as out-cross

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Advantages

• Highly effective for characters that are largely under the control of
genes with additive effect e.g., egg production, growth rate

• Effective system for genetic improvement if carefully combined with

selection

• Best method for most flocks

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 CROSS BREEDING

• Mating of animals of different breeds

• Used where the crossed progeny is directly marketed and not

needed for breeding and further multiplications

• Common in pigs and in the production of hybrid chickens

• Used for the production of new breeds

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 BACK CROSSING

• Mating of a crossbred animal back to one of the pure parent races

which were used to produce it

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 HETEROSIS OR HYBRID VIGOUR

• Cross of unrelated individual often result in progeny with increased

vigour much above their parents

• Progeny may be from the crossing of strains, breeds, varieties, or

species

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 •NICKABILITY

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 GRADING UP
• Breeding sires of a given breed to non-descript female and their
offspring for generation after generation

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 STRAIN
• A specific chicken breeding stock, reared for at least five generations
for a particular set of traits, bearing a specific name……..
• CV22
• Hyline W36
• Hyline W98
• Cobb 500
• Hubbard classic
• etc…………………………………

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 THE YEARS OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
Time Period Age (days) Live Weight Live Weight Feed:Gain Mortality (%)
(kg) gain (g/day)

1920’s 120 1.0 8 5.0 20

1930’s 100 1.2 12 4.6 15
1940’s 85 1.4 17 4.0 10
1950’s 75 1.5 20 3.2 8
1960’s 70 1.6 23 2.5 8
1970’s 60 1.9 32 2.2 5
1980’s 50 2.2 44 2.0 5
1990’s 50 2.6 51 1.9 4
2000’s 42 2.6 61 1.7-1.8 <4
2015 30-35 2.1 65 1.6 <3.5
Mating System in Poultry

• Flock Mating

• Pen Mating

• Stud Mating

• Artificial Insemination

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