Introduction

 Called as porous concrete, permeable

concrete, no fines concrete.

 Porous Concrete Is a special type of

Concrete composed of gap graded
aggregate, low or no fine aggregate and
binded by cementitious material.

 It has high porosity which allows water to

pass through it, reducing the runoff from
side and allowing the ground water
recharge.
 History
 1st use in 1800s in Europe as pavement surfacing and load
bearing walls.

 It become viably in Europe after the second world war due to

scarcity of cement

 Popular in US after 1970s

 Limited use in India

 Advantages
Environmental Benefits  Reduce the storm water runoff
 Ground water recharge
 Replens is water table and aquafer through ground water
recharge
 Minimises flash flooding and extending water
 Light reflectivity is higher then the asphalt surface

Economics  Low construction and maintenance cost

 More life span

Safety  Light reflectivity is higher then the asphalt surface,

reduces glare
 Prevents slipping and skidding, reduces chances of
accident
 Disadvantages

 To prevent reduction in permeability, frequent maintenance by

vacuum sweeping and pressure washing is required but effectiveness
and implementation is questionable

 Low compressive strength

 Limited use in heavy vehicle traffic area

 Porosity is reduced over a long time due to clogging

 Literature Review
1. Navya (2015) developed an innovative model that can transport water pass into
the pavement for which M20 grade concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.4 to 0.45, coarse
aggregate of nominal size 20 mm and with a cement to coarse aggregate ratio of
1:4 was adopted
Its density and flexural strength were observed to be 21 kN/m3and 35 kg/cm2
respectively.

He conlcuded that the pavement slab is suitable for low traffic volume roads and
designed as per IRC SP62: 2004 which allows storage of water upto 125 lit./m3of
concrete pavement giving time for infiltration, thereby reducing the runoff and
recharging the ground water or sufficient time for transport of it.

Further, he suggested perforated pipe can be provided at center of the pavement

above sub-base such that it collects the water stored in concrete.
 Literature Review
2. Shah et al. (2013) published a research paper „Pervious Concrete:
New Era for Rural Road Pavement‟ in 2013. Object of the study was
to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the pervious concrete compared
to normal concrete.They conclude that the pervious concrete reduce
the storm water runoff to increase the ground level water to eliminate
the costly storm water management practices. And there is
considerable saving in amount about 29rs/m3 or 18rs/ft2
 Literature Review
3.
Lee et al. (2016) evaluated the mechanical characteristics and durability of porous
concrete produced with a cementless binder based on ground granulated blast
furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FDG).

The result showed, the void ratio was increased slightly from the target void ratio,
by 1.12–1.42 %. Compressive strength of porous concrete with cementless binder
decreased in comparison to the compressive strength of porous concrete with
ordinary Portland cement (OPC), but the difference was insignificant, at 0.6–1.4
MPa.

Through the freeze–thawing test to evaluate the durability, it was found that the
relative dynamic elastic modulus of porous concrete with cementless binder
decreased to 60 % or less at 80 cycles.
 Literature Review
4.
Hesami et al. (2014)published a paper named, “Effect of Rice Husk and Fibre on
Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete Pavement‟.

Coarse aggregate sized from 2.36 to 19.0 mm, RHA of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%
and 12% weight percentage as a cement replacement, PPS fibre 0.3%, steel fibre 0.5%
and glass fibre 0.2% are to remain constant at 3 different w/c ratio of 0.27, 0.33 and
0.40.

The compressive, tensile and flexural strength were found to be maximum at w/c ratio
of 0.33.
For 10% replacement of RHA and w/c ratio of 0.33, the compressive strength of
pervious concrete containing fibres increases by 34%, 37% and 36% respectively for
glass, steel and PPS fibres.
 Literature Review
5.
.Kuo et al. (2013) have studied the utilization of washed municipal solid waste
incinerator bottom ash(MSWIBA) as a coarse aggregate in pervious concrete.

In the present study washed municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash
(MSWIBA) was used as aggregate in pervious concrete. Various mechanical
properties such as permeability test, compressive strength, tensile strength of the
material were carried out.
The test results show that the unit weight of the MSWIBA was lies between 1653–
2080 kg/m3 .The tensile and bending strengths were approximately 1/9 and 1/4 of
the compressive strength respectively
 Literature Review
6.
Alaica et al. (2010) performed an experiment to optimize pervious
concrete mix was achieved using aggregate size of 10-13mm,
cement to aggregate to ratio of 1:4 and a ternary cementing
blend of silica fume and slag.

Testing of tensile strength revealed that the addition of

wollastonite and polypropylene fibers improved the strength of
the paste)
 Literature Review
7. Ajamu S.O et al. (2012) have studied the evaluation of structural performance
of pervious concrete in construction. In his study, cement to aggregate (C/A) ratio of
1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 respectively were used to produce three different batches of fresh
concrete using18.75 mm coarse aggregate and same ratio were used for 9.75 mm coarse
aggregate to produce another three different batches. In each case it was found that,
C/A ratio 1:6 gave the highest compressive strength compared to C/A ratio 1:8 and 1:10.
Test result showed that aggregate size 18:75 mm gave compressive strength 8 N/mm2
and 9.75 mm aggregate gave compressive strength 10.8 N/mm2. It was found that C/A
ratio 1:10 produced pervious concrete of higher co-efficient of permeability of 3.12 × 10-
3 cm/sec and 3.89 × 10-3 cm/sec for aggregate size 9.375 mm and 18.75 mm
respectively. From the above experiment it is concluded that shape and size of the
aggregate may affect the strength and permeability properties of the porous concrete.
The mixture with high C/A ratio 1:8 and 1:10 is considered to be useful for a pavement
that requires low compressive strength and high permeability rate.
 Mix Design Composition
 CEMENT

 COARSE AGGREGATES

 WATER
 Cement
Cement strength, other properties and
characteristics depend upon their chemical
compositions.
Cement used in the experimental work is
Pozzolana Slag cement (Konark Brand).
 This is manufactured by inter-grinding
Portland cement clinker, gypsum and Blast
furnace granulated slag.
Pysical and chemical parameter of slag
cement is in IS 455:1989
 Aggregates ( Coarse aggregate )

 Crushed granite
aggregate were used for
our experimental
purpose.
 Aggregate passing
through 20 mm sieve and
retaining on 10 mm sieve
were used
 The sieve analysis of
aggregates confirms to
the specifications of IS:
383-1970.
 Water
 Water is generally used mixing and
curing purpose

 Casting and curing was done with

potable water (free from salt &
impurities) conforming to
the IS 10500 : 2012

 Clean potable water obtained from

laboratory of Civil Engineering
Department of KIIT University was
used for mixing and curing of concrete.
 Mixing procedure
 Concrete should be uniformly mix to get expected
strength of the specimen.
 At first, required quantity of coarse aggregate and
cement was weighed, put in mixing pan then dry
mixed for 2-3 minutes.
 Later water was added to the dry mix, mixing was
carried out up to a minimum of 5 minutes until
uniform colour of concrete is seen.
 Immediately,the concrete was measured for slump
and casted into moulds
 Table Mix Design Constituents Computation
S.N PARAMETERS TRIAL-1 TRIAL-2 TRIAL-3
1 W/C ratio 0.33 0.33 0.33
2 C/CA ratio 1 : 2.58 1:3 1 : 4.5
3 Cement (Kg) 13.8 12.61 12.35
4 Water (kg) 4.55 4.16 4.07

5 Coarse Aggregate 35.60 37.83 55.59

(Kg)
1000=C/Spc + W/1 + CA/Spca
Trial-1
Sample 1000=C/2.9 + 0.33C/1 + 2.58C/2.75
Calculaiton which gives C= 619.96 Kg, vol. of 6 cubes= 6*0.153 =0.02025 m3
Actual Cement= 1.1*0.02025*619.96= 13.8 Kg
 Slump Test
 The slump test was conducted to measure
the degree of workability for pervious
concrete .
 Increase in W/C ratio, increases
workablity of concrete, which is not
desirable for Pervious concrete.

 For Pervious concrete, Slump is found to

be TRUE
 Preparation of concrete specimens
 Cubes of specimen of size 150 mm x 150
mm x 150 mm and cylinder of
dia=150mm & height = 300mm were
prepared for each mix
 After 24 hours the specimens were
demoulded and cured in water for 24oC
until testing.
 Compressive strength test were
conducted in accordance with IS 516
(1959).
 The strength value was reported as the
average of three samples at 3days and
7days.
 Compressive Strength of concrete

 Compressive strength test of cube were

conducted in accordance with IS 516 (1959).

 Cube were tested in Compression Testing

machine(CTM) at MT lab.

 Specimen of each trial-1 , trial-2 and trial-3,

were tested at 3 days, 7 days and 28days.

 Compression Strength = Load/Area (

N/mm2 )
 Compressive Strength Values

3 days Compression Test Values 7 days Compression Test Values

Avg.Stress Avg.Stress
Trial S.N Weight(Kg) Load(kN) Stress(Mpa) Trial S.N Weight(Kg) Load(kN) Stress(Mpa)
(Mpa) (Mpa)
1 7.76 315.7 14.03 1 7.78 351.8 15.63

Trial-1 2 7.62 337.3 14.99 15.42 Trial-1 2 7.97 490.4 21.79 20.02

3 8.07 388.4 17.26 3 8.18 509.4 22.64

4 7.66 200.3 11.74
4 6.96 227.4 10.1

Trial -2 5 7.69 245.6 10.91 10.73 Trial -2 5 7.66 233.7 12.87 12.72

6 7.86 252.1 11.20 6 6.75 207.9 13.56

 Compressive strength Values
7 days Compression Test Values 28 days Compression Test Values
Avg.Stress Avg.Stress
Trial S.N Weight(Kg) Load(kN) Stress(Mpa) Trial S.N Weight(Kg) Load(kN) Stress(Mpa)
(Mpa) (Mpa)
1 7.78 351.8 15.63 7.76
1 414.21 23.44

Trial-1 2 7.97 490.4 21.79 20.02 Trial-1 2 7.62 577.50 32.68 30.03

3 8.18 509.4 22.64 3 8.07 600.12 33.96

1 7.66 200.3 11.74 1 7.76 300.45 17.61

Trial-2 2 7.66 233.7 12.87 12.72 Trial-2 2 7.62 350.55 19.30 19.08
3 6.75 207.9 13.56
3 8.07 311.85 20.34
4 6.98 176.5 7.84 4 6.96 264.75 11.76

Trial -3 5 6.92 184.7 7.20 7.14 Trial -3 5 7.69 277.05 10.8 10.71

6 6.95 143.6 6.38 6 7.86 215.4 9.57

 Result of Compression Test

3 days Compressive Test Comparision 7 days Compression Test Comparision

18 25
17.26
Sam-1 Sam-2 Sam-3 21.79 22.64
16 14.99 Sam-1 Sam-2 Sam-3

Compressive Stength MPa

Compressive Stength ( MPa )

14.03 20
14
15.63
12 10.91 11.2 15 13.56
10.1 12.87
10 11.74
8 10
7.2 7.84
6 6.38
4 5

2
0
0 Trial-1 Trial -2 Trial-3
Trial-1 Trial-2
 Result of Compression Test
7 days Compression Test Comparision 28 days Compression Test Comparision
25 40
21.79 22.64 33.96
Sam-1 Sam-2 Sam-3 35 32.68 Sam-1 Sam-2 Sam-3
Compressive Stength MPa

Compressive Stength MPa

20
30
15.63
23.45
15 13.56 25
12.87 20.34
11.74 19.3
20 17.61
10 7.84 15 11.76
10.8
6.38 7.2 9.57
10
5
5

0 0
Trial-1 Trial -2 Trial-3 Trial-1 Trial -2 Trial-3
Comparison of Compressive Strength
Trail-1 Trail-2 Trail-3
35
Comprssive Strength (MPa)
30.03
30

25
20.02 19.08
20
15.42
15 12.73
10.73 10.71
10 7.14
5

0
3 7 28
Days
 Permeablity Test
 Permeablity test is an important test for pervious concrete.

 Cylinder specimen of concrete(150 mm diameter and 300

mm height) is used to test the permeability.

 Permeability of pervious concrete was tested by using

falling head apparatus.

 Coefficient of permeability was calculated and

aL h1
k  2.303 ln( )
At h2

a=C/s area of Pipe L= Length of sample

A= C/s area of Sample t= Time interval
h1= Ht. of water at time = 0 h2= Ht. of water at time = t
 Permeability Test
9
Trial-2 Trial-3
8 7.633
Permeability(x 10-2 m/sec)
7
6 5.391
5
4 3.642

3
2
0.816 0.883 0.987
1
0
Sam 1 Sam 2 Sam 3
 Result and Discussion
 Milani S. Sumanasooriya and Narayanan Neithalath had casted
pervious concrete cube using cement to coarse aggregate ratio in 1:
2.58 with w/c ratio of 0.33 and average compressive strength of
cube was 14.56 MPa after 28 days.

 We used the same portion of constituents of concrete and on

testing compressive strength was 30.03 MPa after 28 days which is
more than their test result.
 Permeablity of porous concrete is found to be 0.001 to 10
cm/s(Crouch et al. 2006).
 Permeability for trial-2 and trial-3 was in range of 0.816-0.96 x10-2
m/s and 3.642 to 7.633 x10-2 m/s respectively.
 Application

 Parking area
 Court yard
 Residential road
 Low volume pavement, Drive way
 Tennis court, Summing pool decks
 Side walk
 Conlcusion
The compressive strength of Pervious concrete is generally low and is found to be in
the range of 5 - 20 MPa after 28 days of casting.

But in our case, even at 3 days minimum compressive strength was 10.73 MPa

 At 7 days minimum and maximum compressive strength was 7.14 MPa and 20.02 MPa
respectively.

 Permeability for trial-2 and trial-3 was in range of 0.816-0.96 x10-2 m/s and 3.642 to
7.633 x10-2 m/s respectively. It shows that permeablity increases with increase in
Cement and Coarse agrregate ratio.
Pavement made this concrete porportion is suitable for pavement.
 Reference
1. Navya Gundu (2015)-“ Water absorbing Concrete: New Era For Rural Road
Pavement”(2015)

2. Ali Yousefi, Sina Matavos-Aramyan (2018)- “Mix Design Optimization of Silica

Fume-Based Pervious Concrete for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters”

3. Alaica A.L.,Dolatabadi M.H. Sucic A. and Shehata M.,(2010)- “Optimizing the

strength and permeability of pervious concrete”.
4. Sumanasooriya, M. S., & Neithalath, N. , “Pore structure features of pervious
concretes proportioned for desired porosities and their performance
prediction”, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 33, 2011, pp. 778-787.
5. Hossain T., Salam M. and Abdul M.K., “Pervious concrete using brick chips as
coarse aggregate: An experimental study”, Journal of Civil Engineering
(IEB), Vol. 40, 2012, pp.125-137.