TECHNICAL REPORT

WRITING

Prepared by:
Arnab Das
Roll no. :16/CHE/059
Dept :Chemical Engineering
Haldia Institute of Technology
 TITLE PAGE

A REPORT ON :

CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION

Submitted by : Arnab Das

Class roll no:16/CHE/059
University Roll No:10300616059
University Reg. No:161030
Department: Chemical Engineering
Paper Name: Technical Report writing &Language lab
Practice
Paper Code :HU-481
Submitted To: Ms. Meenakshi Dey

School of Applied Sciences

Haldia Institute of Technology

March 16,2018
SAMPLE LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL :-
23 rd March 2017,
Ms. Meenakshi Dey,
Haldia Institute of Technology,
Dear Mam,
As instructed by you ,I am submitting the
attached Report entitled “CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION”.
This report examines the various processes of the
crude oil distillation . The various steps of the crude oil
distillation is also included along with the various
products obtained from this process .The various refineries
located in the vicinity of Haldia are also given.
I hope you find this report satisfactory.
Sincerely yours,

Arnab Das
10300616059
Chemical Engineer

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I take this opportunity to express my profound Gratitude
and deep regards to my guide Ms.Meenakshi Dey for
her exemplary guidance, Monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the entire course of this
report.The blessing ,help and guidance given by
her.Time to time shall carry me a long way in the
journey of life, on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep
sense of gratitude to Mr. Madhusudhan Das ,retd. Chief
executive officer Indian Oil Corporation pvt.ltd. which
helped me in completing this task through various
stages.

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 ABSTRACT:-

This report contains about the various steps and

method that are in practice in the refineries. These
are the pre treatment of crude oil , atomic distillation
of petroleum and vacuum distillation of the petroleum.
This report also contains the various refineries present
in the nearby of our college location i.e. Haldia.

iii
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS :-

 Topic Page no.

 Atmospheric And vacuum 5

 crude oil distillation

 Extraction of By-products 6

 ADU 8

 VDU 9

 Distillation Unit 10

 Crude oil Refinery 12

TABLE OF CONTENTS:-
Topic Page No.

Sample letter of Transmittal i

Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
List of illustrations iv
1.Introduction 1
2. Methodology 2
3. Pre-treatment of 3
Crude oil
4.Crude oil distillation 4
5.Atmospheric column 7
5. ADU and VDU 8
6. Chemical Injection 9
7.Some Crude oil Refineries 10
8.Conclusions 11
9.Recomendation 12
10.Reference 13
11.Bibliography 14
INTRODUCTION:- Among several other topic
given we decided to work on the topic of “CRUDE OIL
DISTILLATION”. As it gave us ample scope to do a survey
on the different ways of crude oil distillation methods
practiced in the refineries. Refining of crude oils or
petroleum essentially consists of primary separation
processes and secondary conversion processes. The
petroleum refining process is the separation of the different
hydrocarbons present in the crude oil into useful fractions
and the conversion of some of the hydrocarbons into
products having higher quality performance.

AIM:-To operate a survey on technical report on “CRUDE

OIL DISTILLATION” and the possible methods practiced in
the crude oil refineries.

SCOPE:-By analysing the report one might get a vivid

idea of the different methods of crude oil distillation process
practiced in the refineries.

1
METHODOLOGY:-

In this project of crude oil distillation we tried to find out

the different ways of crude oil distillation processes
practiced in the refineries . The sources of the data we
accommodated in this project were mainly taken from
wikipedia , nptel.com and those processes used are verified
from the websites of renounced company’s having crude oil
refineries like iocl.com and haldiapetrochemicals.com .

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PRE-TREATMENT OF CRUDE
OILS :-
Crude oil comes from the ground, which contains variety
of substances like gases, water, dirt (minerals) etc.
Pretreatment of the crude oil is important if the crude oil
is to be transported effectively and to be processed
without causing fouling and corrosion in the subsequent
operation starting from distillation , catalytic reforming
and secondary conversion processes.

IMPURITIES:-
Impurities in the crude oil are either oleophobic or
oleophilic.
OLEOPHOBIC IMPURITIES:
Oleophobic impurities include salt, mainly chloride &
impurities of Na, K, Ca& Mg, sediments such as salt,
sand, mud, iron oxide, iron sulphide etc. and
waterpresent as soluble emulsified and /or finely
dispersed water.
OLEOPHILIC IMPURITIES:
Oleophilic impurities are soluble and are sulphur
compounds, organometalliccompounds, Ni, V, Fe and As
etc, naphthenic acids and nitrogen compounds.
Pretreatment of the crude oil removes the oleophobic
impurities.

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CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION :-

Desalted crude flows to atmospheric and vacuumdistillation

through crude pre flashing section. Atmospheric distillation
column (ADU) and Vacuum distillation column (VDU) are
the main primary separation processes producing various
straight run products, e.g., gasoline to lube oils/vacuum gas
oils (VGO). These products, particularly the light and middle
distillates, i.e., gasoline, kerosene and diesel are more in
demand than their direct availability from crude oils, all over
the world. Crude oil distillation consists of atmospheric and
vacuum distillation. The heavier fraction of crude oil
obtained from atmospheric column requires high
temperature. In order to avoid cracking at higher
temperature the heavier fraction are fractiona ted under
vacuum.

4
5
Boiling
point

Extraction temp. of different

By-products

6
ATMOSPHERIC COLUMN:

Various steps in atmospheric crude oil distillation are :-

* Preheating of Desalted crude
* Preflash
* Distillation
* Stabilization of Naphtha
The desalted crude oil from the second stage desalting
process is heated in two parallel heat exchanger. The
preheated crude having temperature of about 180oC is goes
to pre flash drum where about 3-4percent of light ends are
removed. The preheated crude from the preheater section is
further heated and partially vaporized in the furnace
containing tubular heater. The furnace has two zones:
radiant section and convection section. The radiant zone
forms the combustion zone and contains the burners. In
convection zone the crude is further heated (inside the tube)
by the hot flue gases from the radiant section. Heated and
partially vaporized crude from the fired heaters enters the
flash zone of the column and fractionated in the
atmospheric column,The distillation section consist of
overhead section, heavy naphtha section, kerosene section,
light gas oil section, heavy gas oil section and reduced crude
section each section contains circulating reflux system.

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PRODUCTS of ADU:

Major product from atmospheric column are

light gases and LPG, light naphtha,medium
naphtha,heavy naphtha,kerosene,gas
Oil(diesel),atmospheric residue.
* Unstabilized Naphtha consists of LPG, naphtha and
light gases (C15-115c)
* Intermediate Naphtha (Bombay High) (135C) Solvent
Naphtha
* Heavy Naphtha (130-150 oC) routed to diesel or
naphtha.
* Light Gas Oil (250/270-320oC)
Heavy Gas Oil (320-380oC)Reduced Crude Oil

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VACUUM DISTILLATION COLUMN
(VDU) :-
The bottom product also called reduced crude oil, from the
atmospheric column is fractionated in the vacuum column.
Reduced crude oil is very heavy compared to crude oil
distilling under pressure requires high temperature.
Distillation under vacuum permits fractionation at lower
temperature which 207 avoid cracking of the reduced crude
oil and coking of the furnace tube. Vacuum is maintained
using three stage steam ejector. The reduced crude oil from
atmospheric column at about 360oC is heated and partially
vaporized in the furnace. The temperature in the flash zone
of the tower is controlled by the furnace coil outlet
temperature. The preheated and partially vapourised
reduced crude enters the flash zone of vacuum column where
it is fractionated into various streams.

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PRODUCTS FROM VDU:-

Various products from VDU are Light gasoil , Heavy gas

oil, light lube distillate, medium lube distillate, heavy
lube distillate and vacuum column residue .

OPERATING PRESSURE OF VACUUM COLUMN:

*About 90-95 mm Hg at the top and
*About 135-140 mm Hg at the bottom

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CHEMICAL INJECTION
SYSTEM: -

Chemical injection system consist of causticinjection

and ammonia injection and use of corrosion inhibitor,
use of demulsifier, addition of trisodium phosphate in
boiler feed water.
Corrosion in the atmospheric tower overhead system is
a common phenomenon and the problem is increasing
with increasing use of the heavier crude oil. Corrosion
is primarily
due to hydrogen chloride, which is produced by
hydrolysis of the chloride salts remaining after
desalting. Other sours of corrosion are naphthenic acid
and hydrogen sulphide.
High caustic injection is to avoided as high caustic
injection system may lead to fouling in vacuum and
visbreaker furnaces. ammonia injection is done to
maintain the pH. Corrosion inhibitor in kerosene and
naphtha is required to combat the corrosion. De-
emulsifier is used to demulsify the water and crude
emulsion. Trisodium phosphate is used to maintain pH
and prevent corrosion in the boiler drum.

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SOME CRUDE OIL
REFINERIES:-

There are some major crude oil refineries present in

HALDIA . These are the “Haldia Refinery” of Indian
oil corporation limited and haldia petrochemicals.
There are a no. of other company’s like Adani , Bharat
petroleum etc. which uses the residue products of the
crude oil refineries.

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CONCLUSION:-
This report is mainly composed on the topic “CRUDE OIL
DISTILLATION”. The main areas highlighted in this project
basically comprises of the main processes involved in
crude oil distillation , the products obtained and the
various petroleum refineries present in the vicinity of our
college in Haldia. Some pictorial representations of the
processes of crude oil refining are given in the report.

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RECOMMENDATIONS:-
Though I did not get a chance to get into any of the
refineries still by studying the websites and various
reports
based on crude oil refining I can conclude to some
recommendations :-
1. *The no. of refineries of each company are not in
ample amount .
2. *The refineries also lack in advanced technology.
3. *There are not sufficient no. of workers even though
there are posts empty then also due to poor financial
condition the company’s are not able to recruit
workers
4. *The waste products or residue one’s are not reused
properly .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

* A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CRUDE OIL REFINING BY F.COWELL

* FUNDAMENTALS OF PETROLEUM REFINING , BY:-AMAL
ELKILANI , MOHAMED A FAHIM .

ONLINE SOURCES:-
*www.cia .gov., U.S. Energy Information Administration
*www.nptel.in
*www.oilproduction.net. John and Willie Leone.

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