1.

Thermoplastic

A thermoplastic is a class of polymer that can be softened through heating and then
processed using methods such as extrusion, injection moulding, thermoforming and
blow moulding.

Thermoplastics harden once cooled and do not show any changes in chemical
property after being heated and cooled multiple times, making them easily
recyclable.

Amorphous and Semi-crystalline Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics are made by joining small molecules, called monomers, together to
form long chains using a process called polymerisation. A single polymer chain can
be made from many thousands of monomers. The atoms in a polymer chain are
joined by strong covalent bonds, whereas the forces between chains are weak.

Depending on the type of monomer, polymer chains may have side branches. If a
polymer chain has only a few, short side branches then the chains can form ordered,
crystalline regions, called spherulites. However, if the chain has many large side
branches, then it is not possible for ordered regions to be formed and the polymer is
amorphous. Examples of amorphous polymers are polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Even for polymers with
crystalline regions, there are always some amorphous regions between the
crystallites, so these polymers are called semi-crystalline. Examples of semi-
crystalline polymers are polyethylene (PE), polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP).
For semi-crystalline polymers, as the temperature increases, the bonds between the
polymer chains weaken to create a pliable solid and then a viscous liquid, which
allows the plastic material to be shaped to produce parts.

Amorphous plastics are used for applications where optical clarity is required since
light is scattered by crystallites. These amorphous plastics are, however, less
resistant to chemical attack and environmental stress cracking due to the lack of
crystalline structure.

Before a thermoplastic polymer can be used it is normally mixed with additives, such
as stabilisers, plasticisers, lubricants, flame retardants and colourants, to improve
the polymer’s functionality, stability or appearance. For example, stabilisers are
added to reduce degradation due to sunlight or heat and plasticisers can be added to
increase the mobility of amorphous chain segments, lowering the glass transition
temperature and decreasing brittleness.

• Advantages
The advantages of thermoplastics include:
1- Readily recyclable
2- Wide range of mechanical properties
3- Light weight compared to metals
4- Aesthetically-superior surface finish compared to thermosets
5- Good chemical resistance
6- Energy efficient processing
7- Disadvantages / Limitations
Despite the many advantages, there are also some limitations associated with
thermoplastics. Due to their low melting point compared to metals, thermoplastics
are inappropriate for use on some high temperature applications. In addition, some
thermoplastics are susceptible to creep when exposed to long-term stress loads.

Examples and applications

Thermoplastics come in a range of types with their own unique applications.
Examples of thermoplastic polymers include:

1. Polyethylene
Polyethylene is the most commonly used plastic in the world. It is in fact a family of
materials that come with a range of densities and molecular structures, each with
their own applications. Trade names include Alathon, Borstar, Dowlex, Eltex,
Finathene, Hostalen, Lacqtene, Lupolen, Rigidex and Vestolen A. Strong and resistant
to most chemicals, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used to
manufacture moving machine parts, bearings, gears, artificial joints and bulletproof
vests. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is used to make items such as chemical
tanks, gas and water pipes, toys, shampoo bottles and margarine tubs. Medium
density polyethylene (MDPE) is used for gas and water pipes, packaging film and
pond liners. Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) is used for plastic bags,
shrink/stretch films and food packaging. Being the softest and most flexible of these
materials, low density polyethylene (LDPE) is used for the manufacture of squeeze
bottles, sacks and sheets.
2. Polypropylene
Polypropylene is the second most widely used commodity polymer in the world. It is
used across a wide range of industries to create items including reusable food
containers, sanitary products, heat resistant medical equipment, ropes, carpets, car
batteries, cable insulation, storage bins, and even banknotes! Trade names include
Adstif, Clyrell, Hifax, Hostalen, Inspire, Isoplen, Moplen, Novolen, and Vestolen.

3. Polyvinyl chloride
Being tough, lightweight, and resistant to acids and bases, polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
also known as vinyl, is used by the construction industry for items including water
pipes, drainpipes, gutters and roofing sheets. Trade names include Astraglas, Benvic,
Vestolit and Vinnolit.

PVC can also be made more flexible with the addition of plasticisers, where it is used
for hoses, tubes, electrical insulation, clothing, upholstery and inflatable products
such as waterbeds and pool toys. Trade names include, Acvitron and Lifolit.

4. Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or polyester has a good combination of
mechanical and thermal properties, chemical resistance and dimensional stability. It
is used for liquid containers, especially carbonated soft drinks, food containers and,
in fibre form, for clothing. It is the most recycled polymer worldwide. Trade names
include Dacron, Eastapak, Rynite and Terylene.

5. Polyamide
Polyamide (PA) is also known by the trade names Nylon, Akromid, Akulon, Grilamid,
Grilon, Rislan and Ultramid. It was originally used as a replacement for silk when
making items such as flak vests, parachutes and stockings. Nylon fibres are also used
for fabric, carpets, rope and strings for musical instruments. It is also used for
machine screws, gear wheels and power tool casings.

6. Polystyrene
Polystyrene (PS), also known by the trade names Styron and Vampstyr, is
manufactured in different forms that are suitable for different applications. It is used
to make items such as disposable cutlery, cases for CDs and DVDs, and smoke
detector housings. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, also called by the trade name
Styropor, is used for insulation and packaging materials and extruded polystyrene
foam (XPS), also called by the trade name Styrofoam, is used for architectural models
and drinking cups. Elsewhere, polystyrene copolymers are used for the manufacture
of toys and product casings.

7. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
ABS, also known by trade names Cycolac and Ensidur, is a lightweight polymer that
shows high impact resistance and mechanical toughness compared to most
thermoplastics and is widely used in everyday consumer products like toys and
telephones.

8. Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate (PC) is also known by trade names including arcoPlus, Lexan,
Makroclear and Makrolon. Easy to mould and thermoform, it is used in a range of
applications in the medical, construction, electronics, automotive and aerospace
industries, including safety glasses, bullet-resistant glass, CDs and DVDs, car
headlamp lenses and safety helmets.

9. Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or acrylic, is also known by the trade names
Acrylite, Altuglas, Lucite, Oroglas, Perspex and Plexiglas. It is widely used as a
substitute for glass in aquariums, aircraft windows, motorcycle helmet visors and for
the lenses on exterior automobile lights. Acrylic is also used for signage, for eye
lenses and in bone cement for medical use, and also in paint, where PMMA particles
are suspended in water.

10. Polyoxymethylene
Demonstrating a high stiffness, good dimensional stability and low friction,
polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as acetal, polyacetal and polyformaldehyde, is
used for parts that require high precision, such as bearings, valve parts, gears and
electrical components, and is also known by the trade names Celcon, Delrin,
Duracon, Hostaform, Kepital, and Ramtal.

11. Poly(lactic acid)

Derived from renewable resources like sugar beet pulp, corn starch, chips, sugarcane
and tapioca roots, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a compostable thermoplastic. It is used in
tableware, food packaging and additive manufacturing (3D printing). Trade names
include Bio-Flex, Fozeas and Ingeo.

12. Poly(phenylene oxide)

Poly(phenylene oxide (PPO) offers a range of attractive properties, including high
impact strength, heat distortion, and chemical stability against mineral and organic
acids. It also offers low water absorption, but can be difficult to use due to the high
processing temperature. Commercial resins, such as Noryl, blend PPO with high
impact polystyrene (HIPS) to lower the processing temperature, making it easier to
process. Applications include electrical components and washing machine parts.

13. Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) belongs to a class of thermoplastics known as
fluoropolymers, and is also known by the trade names Teflon, Dyneon, Fluon and
Hostaflon. It has one of the lowest friction coefficients of any known solid and is
well-known for its use on non-stick cookware. It is also used as a lubricant to reduce
frictional wear between sliding parts like gears, bearings and bushings. Because it is
chemically inert, it is also used for pipes and containers that come into contact with
reactive chemicals.

14. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is another member of the fluoropolymer family. It is
also known by the trade names Kynar, Hylar and Solef, and is known for its chemical
inertness and resistance, used for engineering sheets and pipes as well as to make
powders and coatings. PVDF is also widely used in the chemical industry for piping to
transport aggressive chemicals and high purity liquids.

15. Polyetheretherketone
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic used for a range
of engineering applications, including bearings, pumps, valves and medical implants,
due to its good abrasion resistance and low flammability as well as low emission of
smoke or toxic gases. Trade names include Victrex and Vestakeep.

16. Poly(phenylene sulphide)

Poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) delivers superb chemical resistance, electrical
properties, flame retardance, and transparency to microwave radiation as well as a
low coefficient of friction. These properties mean that, when injection or
compression moulded at temperatures high enough to create crosslinks, PPS can
also be used to make cookware, bearings and pump components suitable for
corrosive environments. Trade names include Torelina and Ryton.

17. Polyetherimide
With a high heat distortion temperature, modulus and tensile strength,
polyetherimide (PEI) is used in high performance electronic and electrical parts,
including for the automotive industry, as well as in consumer items like microwave
cookware. Trade names include Ultem.

18. Polyethersulfone
Polyethersulfone (PESU, PES) has high hydrolytic, oxidative, and thermal stability as
well as a good resistance to alkalis, salt solutions, acids from aqueous minerals, oils
and greases. Application include medical components, gas separation membranes
and freezer-to-microwave food containers. Trade names include Ultrason and
Veradel.

19. Polybenzimidazole
Polybenzimidazole (PBI), also known by trade names including Celazole and
Duratron, has a very high melting point compared with other thermoplastics and
shows excellent chemical and thermal stability. PBI’s superb stability, retention,
stiffness and toughness at high temperatures has lent it to being used for firefighting
clothing, space suits for astronauts, protective gloves, welding apparel, wall fabrics
for aircraft and for membranes in fuel cells.

FAQs
Are Thermoplastics Recyclable?
Thermoplastics are easily recyclable as the polymer chain does not degrade when
heated. Because the chemical bonds within the chain remain intact while the weaker
bonds between polymer chains break down, thermoplastics can be melted and re-
used repeatedly.

Are Thermoplastics Safe?

Most types of thermoplastic are safe to use as intended. However, there have been
concerns raised over PVC because of the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) that is used
in production. However, modern manufacturing methods mean that the release of
VCM is very low while the residual VCM left in the polymer is so low that it can’t be
detected.

Are Thermoplastics Biodegradable?

Most thermoplastics are not biodegradable. However, some thermoplastics, such as
poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVAL, PVOH) and polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) are.

Are Thermoplastics Brittle?

Below their glass transition temperature (Tg), thermoplastics are brittle and deform
by elastic deformation. However, when above their Tg, thermoplastics are ductile
and deform mainly through plastic deformation. So, in short, thermoplastics go from
brittle to ductile as they are heated through their Tg.

Can Thermoplastic be Remoulded?

Thermoplastics can be remoulded repeatedly by heating and then reforming them
into new shapes.

Can Thermoplastic Melt?

Semi-crystalline thermoplastics melt at a particular temperature when their
crystalline regions transition to a random arrangement. This melting point is
different for different thermoplastics. Amorphous thermoplastics do not have an
ordered structure and therefore do not melt; they have a glass transition
temperature, below which the material is brittle and, as the temperature increases,
the material softens and becomes more rubbery.

Can Thermoplastic be Painted?

Thermoplastics can be painted to provide a different surface finish. However, you
will need to use the correct type of paint so that it doesn’t react with any polymer
coating and cause discolouration and lowering weather resistance. Acrylic based
paints, including spray paints, are a good option for painting thermoplastics.

Can Thermoplastics be Welded?

Thermoplastics can be welded using a variety of different techniques. You can find
out more about welding thermoplastics here.

Conclusion
Thermoplastics are polymers that can be softened through heating before being
processed and then left to cool and harden. Once cooled, they show no changes in
chemical properties, meaning they can be re-melted and re-used several times.

There are many types of thermoplastic, each with their own distinct applications and
properties, including being non-stick, tough, flexible, and so forth.

Thermoplastics are synthesised from a range of different materials, including

renewable and biodegradable resources such as sugar beet, and have uses in
industries including construction, aerospace, automotive, electronics, rail, oil and
gas, and power, as well as for a huge range of domestic and consumer products.
 ‫ﺗﻘرﯾر ﻋن ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ واﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؟‬
‫اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻓﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﯾﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﺳﺧﯾن وﻣن ﺛم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫طرق ﻣﺛل اﻟﺑﺛﻖ‪ ،‬وﻗوﻟﺑﺔ اﻟﺣﻘن‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﺣراري‪ ،‬واﻟﻘوﻟﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺗﺻﻠب اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺟرد ﺗﺑرﯾدھﺎ وﻻ ﺗظﮭر أي ﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ ﺧواﺻﮭﺎ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد ﺗﺳﺧﯾﻧﮭﺎ وﺗﺑرﯾدھﺎ‬
‫ﻋدة ﻣرات‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة وﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‬

‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺿم ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﺻﻐﯾرة ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﻣوﻧوﻣرات ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﺳﻼﺳل طوﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺑﻠﻣرة‪ .‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر واﺣدة ﻣن ﻋدة آﻻف ﻣن اﻟﻣوﻧوﻣرات‪ .‬ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟذرات‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﺑرواﺑط ﺗﺳﺎھﻣﯾﺔ ﻗوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن اﻟﻘوى ﺑﯾن اﻟﺳﻼﺳل ﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧوع اﻟﻣوﻧوﻣر‪ ،‬ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻟﺳﻼﺳل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻓروع ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋدد ﻗﻠﯾل ﻓﻘط ﻣن اﻟﻔروع اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة‪ ،‬ﻓﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﺳﻼﺳل ﻣﻧﺎطﻖ ﺑﻠورﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻔروع اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬ﻓﻣن ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ﺗﻛوﯾن ﻣﻧﺎطﻖ‬
‫ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ وﯾﻛون اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺑﻠور‪ .‬وﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن)‪ ، (PS‬وﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﯾﻧﯾل)‪ ، (PVC‬وأﻛرﯾﻠوﻧﯾﺗرﯾل ﺑوﺗﺎدﯾن ﺳﺗﺎﯾرﯾن ‪ (ABS).‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ذات اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ھﻧﺎك‬
‫داﺋ ًﻣﺎ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة ﺑﯾن اﻟﺑﻠورات‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ﺷﺑﮫ ﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن)‪ ، (PE‬واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ أﻣﯾد)‪ ، (PA‬واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﺑروﺑﯾﻠﯾن ‪ (PP).‬ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات‬
‫ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‪ ،‬ﺗﺿﻌف اﻟرواﺑط ﺑﯾن ﺳﻼﺳل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣرﻧﺔ ﺛم ﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﻟزج‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎج أﺟزاء‪.‬‬

‫ﻧظرا ﻟﺗﺷﺗت اﻟﺿوء‬

‫ﺗ ُﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب اﻟوﺿوح اﻟﺑﺻري ً‬
‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﺑﻠورات‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھذه اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة أﻗل ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﺟوم اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺗﺷﻘﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﻹﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ ﺑﺳﺑب ﻋدم وﺟود ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻠورﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺑل أن ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻟدن ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم ﺧﻠطﮫ ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﻊ ﻣواد ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎت واﻟﻣﻠدﻧﺎت وﻣواد‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺣﯾم وﻣﺛﺑطﺎت اﻟﻠﮭب واﻟﻣﻠوﻧﺎت ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر أو ﺛﺑﺎﺗﮫ أو ﻣظﮭره‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺗم إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎت ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺗدھور اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن ﺿوء اﻟﺷﻣس أو اﻟﺣرارة وﯾﻣﻛن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻠدﻧﺎت ﻟزﯾﺎدة ﺣرﻛﺔ أﺟزاء اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺧﻔض درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺗزﺟﺞ وﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﮭﺷﺎﺷﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣزاﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺷﻣل ﻣزاﯾﺎ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧواص اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻔﯾف اﻟوزن ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬
 ‫ﺗﺷطﯾب ﺳطﺣﻲ ﻣﺗﻔوق ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﻠد ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺟﯾدة‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾوب ‪ /‬اﻟﻘﯾود‬
‫ﻧظرا ﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻧﻘطﺔ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن اﻟﻣزاﯾﺎ اﻟﻌدﯾدة‪ ،‬ھﻧﺎك أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻘﯾود اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻧﺻﮭﺎرھﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ذات درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺑﻌض اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺗﻛون ﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻠزﺣف ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬
‫ﺿﻐط طوﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﻣدى‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ وﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧواع ﻣﻊ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻔرﯾدة‪ .‬ﺗﺗﺿﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪. 1‬اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ اﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن‬

‫اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ھو اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك اﻷﻛﺛر اﺳﺗﺧدا ًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪ .‬إﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ، Alathon‬و‪،Borstar‬‬
‫و‪ ،Dowlex‬و‪ ،Eltex‬و‪ ،Finathene‬و‪ ،Hostalen‬و‪ ،Lacqtene‬و‪ ،Lupolen‬و‪ ،Rigedex‬و ‪Vestolen‬‬
‫‪A.‬وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟوزن اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﻲ )‪ (UHMWPE‬اﻟﻘوي واﻟﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻣﻌظم اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ أﺟزاء اﻵﻻت اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻣل واﻟﺗروس‪ .‬واﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﺗرات اﻟواﻗﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﺻﺎص‪.‬‬
‫ﯾُﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (HDPE‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ أﺷﯾﺎء ﻣﺛل ﺧزاﻧﺎت اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ وأﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫واﻟﻣﯾﺎه وﻟﻌب اﻷطﻔﺎل وزﺟﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺷﺎﻣﺑو وأﺣواض اﻟﺳﻣن اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪(MDPE‬ﻓﻲ أﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻣﯾﺎه وأﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﻠﯾف وﺑطﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺑرك‪ .‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن اﻟﺧطﻲ ﻣﻧﺧﻔض‬
‫ﻧظرا ﻟﻛوﻧﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (LLDPE‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﻛﯾﺎس اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ واﻷﻓﻼم اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻛﻣﺎش‪/‬اﻟﺗﻣدد وﺗﻐﻠﯾف اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ‪ً .‬‬
‫أﻧﻌم ھذه اﻟﻣواد وأﻛﺛرھﺎ ﻣروﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾُﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﻣﻧﺧﻔض اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (LDPE‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ واﻷﻛﯾﺎس واﻟﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪. 2‬ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﺑروﺑﯾﻠﯾن‬

‫ﯾﻌد اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﺑروﺑﯾﻠﯾن ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺛر اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﺳﻠﻌﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدا ًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪ .‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻋﺑر ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﺣﺎوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‪ ،‬واﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻣﻌدات اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣرارة‪ ،‬واﻟﺣﺑﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﺳﺟﺎد‪ ،‬وﺑطﺎرﯾﺎت اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‪ ،‬وﻋزل اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت‪ ،‬وﺻﻧﺎدﯾﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‪ ،‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻷوراق اﻟﻧﻘدﯾﺔ! ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Adstif‬و‪ Clyrell‬و‪ Hifax‬و‪ Hostalen‬و‪Inspire‬‬
‫و‪ Isoplen‬و‪ Moplen‬و‪ Novolen‬و‪.Vestolen‬‬
‫‪. 3‬ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻔﯾﻧﯾل‬
‫ﻧظرا ﻟﻛوﻧﮫ ﻗوﯾًﺎ وﺧﻔﯾف اﻟوزن وﻣﻘﺎو ًﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎض واﻟﻘواﻋد‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﻓﯾﻧﯾل)‪، (PVC‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾل‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻟﺗﺷﯾﯾد ﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ﺗﺷﻣل أﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﻣﯾﺎه وأﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﺻرف واﻟﻣزارﯾب‬
‫وأﻟواح اﻷﺳﻘف‪ .‬وﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﺳﺗراﺟﻼس‪ ،‬وﺑﯾﻧﻔﯾك‪ ،‬وﻓﯾﺳﺗوﻟﯾت‪ ،‬وﻓﯾﻧوﻟﯾت‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺟﻌل ‪ PVC‬أﻛﺛر ﻣروﻧﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻠدﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﺧراطﯾم واﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب واﻟﻌزل اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻣﻼﺑس واﻟﻣﻔروﺷﺎت واﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﺦ ﻣﺛل اﻷﺳ ﱠِرة اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ وأﻟﻌﺎب اﻟﺑﻠﯾﺎردو‪ .‬وﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪Acvitron‬و‪Lifolit.‬‬

‫‪. 4‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﺗﯾرﯾﻔﺛﺎﻟﯾت(‬

‫ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ )إﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن ﺗﯾرﯾﻔﺛﺎﻟﯾت( )‪ (PET‬أو اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗر ﺑﻣزﯾﺞ ﺟﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﻘرار اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‪ .‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺑوات اﻟﺳواﺋل‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻣﺷروﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺣﺎوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل أﻟﯾﺎف ﻟﻠﻣﻼﺑس‪ .‬وھو اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر اﻷﻛﺛر إﻋﺎدة ﺗدوﯾره ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧﺣﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ داﻛرون‪ ،‬وإﯾﺳﺗﺎﺑﺎك‪ ،‬ورﯾﻧﯾت‪ ،‬وﺗﯾرﯾﻠﯾن‪.‬‬

‫‪. 5‬ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ أﻣﯾد‬

‫ﯾُﻌرف اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺎﻣﯾد )‪ (PA‬أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﻧﺎﯾﻠون‪ ،‬وأﻛروﻣﯾد‪ ،‬وأﻛوﻟون‪ ،‬وﺟرﯾﻼﻣﯾد‪ ،‬وﺟرﯾﻠون‪ ،‬ورﯾﺳﻼن‪،‬‬
‫وأﻟﺗراﻣﯾد‪ .‬ﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻل ﻛﺑدﯾل ﻟﻠﺣرﯾر ﻋﻧد ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ أﺷﯾﺎء ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﺗرات اﻟواﻗﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﺻﺎص واﻟﻣظﻼت‬
‫واﻟﺟوارب‪ .‬ﺗ ُﺳﺗﺧدم أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻧﺎﯾﻠون أﯾﺿًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﻗﻣﺷﺔ واﻟﺳﺟﺎد واﻟﺣﺑﺎل وأوﺗﺎر اﻵﻻت اﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺑراﻏﻲ اﻵﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺟﻼت اﻟﺗروس‪ ،‬وأﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻷدوات اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪. 6‬اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن)‪ ، (PS‬اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Styron‬و‪ ،Vampstyr‬ﺑﺄﺷﻛﺎل ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻟﺻﻧﻊ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻣﺛل أدوات اﻟﻣﺎﺋدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻣرة واﺣدة‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﻓظﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻗراص اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ وأﻗراص اﻟﻔﯾدﯾو اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ)‪ ، (DVD‬وﻋﻠب ﻛﺎﺷف اﻟدﺧﺎن‪ .‬ﺗ ُﺳﺗﺧدم رﻏوة اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻣﻣدد)‪ ، (EPS‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳم اﻟﺗﺟﺎري‪ ، Styropor‬ﻓﻲ ﻣواد اﻟﻌزل واﻟﺗﻌﺑﺋﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم رﻏوة‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن اﻟﻣﺑﺛوق)‪ ، (XPS‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳم اﻟﺗﺟﺎري‪ ، Styrofoam‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ وأﻛواب‬
‫اﻟﺷرب‪ .‬وﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛن أﺧرى‪ ،‬ﺗ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻷﻟﻌﺎب وأﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪. 7‬أﻛرﯾﻠوﻧﺗرﯾل ﺑوﺗﺎدﯾن ﺳﺗﺎﯾرﯾن‬

‫‪ ،ABS‬اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Cycolac‬و‪ ،Ensidur‬ھو ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﺧﻔﯾف اﻟوزن ﯾُظﮭر ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺻدﻣﺎت وﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﻌظم اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﮭﻼﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻷﻟﻌﺎب واﻟﮭواﺗف‪.‬‬

‫‪. 8‬اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﯾُﻌرف اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﻛرﺑوﻧﺎت )‪ (PC‬أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻣﺎء ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻣل ‪ arcoPlus‬و ‪Lexan‬و ‪Makroclear‬و ‪Makrolon.‬‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺳﮭل اﻟﻘوﻟﺑﺔ واﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﺣراري‪ ،‬وﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬
‫واﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺎت واﻟﺳﯾﺎرات واﻟﻔﺿﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﻧظﺎرات اﻷﻣﺎن واﻟزﺟﺎج اﻟﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠرﺻﺎص واﻷﻗراص‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ وأﻗراص ‪ DVD‬وﻋدﺳﺎت اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﯾﺢ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﯾﺎرات وﺧوذات اﻷﻣﺎن‪.‬‬

‫‪. 9‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻣﯾﺛﺎﻛرﯾﻠﯾت اﻟﻣﯾﺛﯾل(‬

‫ﯾُﻌرف ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻣﯾﺛﯾل ﻣﯾﺛﺎﻛرﯾﻼت( )‪ (PMMA‬أو اﻷﻛرﯾﻠﯾك أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Acrylite‬و ‪Altuglas‬‬
‫و ‪Lucite‬و ‪Oroglas‬و ‪Perspex‬و ‪Plexiglas.‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻛﺑدﯾل ﻟﻠزﺟﺎج ﻓﻲ أﺣواض‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣك وﻧواﻓذ اﻟطﺎﺋرات وأﻗﻧﻌﺔ ﺧوذة اﻟدراﺟﺎت اﻟﻧﺎرﯾﺔ واﻟﻌدﺳﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺻﺎﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻷﻛرﯾﻠﯾك أﯾﺿًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻼﻓﺗﺎت‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻋدﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﯾن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ أﺳﻣﻧت اﻟﻌظﺎم ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟطﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻛذﻟك ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟطﻼء‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻖ ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ‪ PMMA‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪. 10‬ﺑوﻟﻲ أوﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن‬

‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل إظﮭﺎر ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﺳﺗﻘرار ﺟﯾد ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد واﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻣﻧﺧﻔض‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ أوﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن‬
‫)‪ ،(POM‬اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم اﻷﺳﯾﺗﺎل واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ أﺳﯾﺗﺎل واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﻓورﻣﺎﻟدھﯾد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب دﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻣل وأﺟزاء اﻟﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﺗروس واﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم أﯾﺿًﺎ اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ،Kepital ،Hostaform ،Duracon ،Delrin ، Celcon‬و‪Ramtal.‬‬

‫‪. 11‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﺣﻣض اﻟﻼﻛﺗﯾك(‬

‫ﻣﺷﺗﻖ ﻣن اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺗﺟددة ﻣﺛل ﻟب ﺑﻧﺟر اﻟﺳﻛر‪ ،‬وﻧﺷﺎ اﻟذرة‪ ،‬ورﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺑطﺎطس‪ ،‬وﻗﺻب اﻟﺳﻛر وﺟذور‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﺑﯾوﻛﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ )ﺣﻣض اﻟﻼﻛﺗﯾك( )‪ (PLA‬ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻟدن ﺣراري ﻗﺎﺑل ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠل‪ .‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ أدوات اﻟﻣﺎﺋدة‬
‫وﺗﻐﻠﯾف اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ )اﻟطﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد(‪ .‬وﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪Bio-Flex‬‬
‫و ‪Fozeas‬و‪Ingeo.‬‬

‫‪. 12‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠﯾن(‬

‫ﯾوﻓر ﺑوﻟﻲ )أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠﯾن )‪ (PPO‬ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺟذاﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﻗوة اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺷوه‬
‫ﺻﺎ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿًﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺣراري‪ ،‬واﻟﺛﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﺿد اﻷﺣﻣﺎض اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾوﻓر اﻣﺗﺻﺎ ً‬
‫ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣن اﻟﺻﻌب اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﺑﺳﺑب ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪ . .‬ﺗﻘوم اﻟراﺗﻧﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل‪، Noryl‬‬
‫ﺑﻣزج ‪ PPO‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗرﯾن ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر )‪ (HIPS‬ﻟﺧﻔض درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﮭل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺷﻣل اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ وأﺟزاء اﻟﻐﺳﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫‪. 13‬ﺑوﻟﻲ ﺗﺗراﻓﻠوروإﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن‬

‫ﯾﻧﺗﻣﻲ ﺑوﻟﻲ ﺗﺗراﻓﻠوروإﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن )‪ (PTFE‬إﻟﻰ ﻓﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳم اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﻔﻠورﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ ُﻌرف‬
‫أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Teflon‬و ‪Dyneon‬و ‪Fluon‬و ‪Hostaflon.‬ﻓﮭو ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺄﺣد أﻗل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك‬
‫ﺑﯾن أي ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وھو ﻣﻌروف ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ أواﻧﻲ اﻟطﮭﻲ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻛﻣواد‬
‫ﺗﺷﺣﯾم ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺗﺂﻛل اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟزاء اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﻘﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗروس واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻣل واﻟﺑطﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬وﻷﻧﮫ ﺧﺎﻣل ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋ ًﯾﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﮭو ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم أﯾﺿًﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﺎﺑﯾب واﻟﺣﺎوﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻼﻣس ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪. 14‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻓﻠورﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠدﯾن(‬

‫ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻓﻠورﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠﯾدﯾن( )‪ (PVDF‬ھو ﻋﺿو آﺧر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﻔﻠورﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻣن اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿﺎ ﻣن ﻗﺑل‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Kynar‬و ‪Hylar‬و‪ ،Solef‬وھﻲ ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ ﺑﺧﻣوﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟواح‬
‫واﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ وﻛذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﯾﻖ واﻟطﻼءات‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ PVDF‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺎﺑﯾب ﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻌدواﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﺳواﺋل ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻘﺎء‪.‬‬
 ‫‪. 15‬ﺑوﻟﯾﺛرﻛﯾﺗون‬
‫ﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾرﺛﯾرﻛﯾﺗون )‪ (PEEK‬ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻟدن ﺣراري ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻷداء ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧظرا ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ اﻟﺟﯾدة ﻟﻠﺗﺂﻛل واﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻣل واﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎت واﻟﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﻣزروﻋﺎت اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺗﮫ ﻟﻼﺷﺗﻌﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻧﺑﻌﺎث اﻟدﺧﺎن أو اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺳﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪Victrex‬‬
‫و‪Vestakeep.‬‬

‫‪. 16‬ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻛﺑرﯾﺗﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠﯾن(‬

‫ﯾوﻓر اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻛﺑرﯾﺗﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾﻠﯾن( )‪ (PPS‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ راﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧواص ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺛﺑطﺎت اﻟﻠﮭب‪ ،‬وﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻣﯾﻛرووﯾف ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻣﻧﺧﻔض‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ھذه اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص أﻧﮫ ﻋﻧد ﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﺣﻘن أو‬
‫اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻧد درﺟﺎت ﺣرارة ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﻔﻲ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء رواﺑط ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿًﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ PPS‬ﻟﺻﻧﻊ أواﻧﻲ اﻟطﮭﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻣل وﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺿﺧﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺂﻛل‪ .‬ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Torelina‬و‪Ryton.‬‬

‫‪. 17‬ﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾرﯾﻣﯾد‬

‫ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺗﺷوه اﻟﺣراري‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﺎﻣل وﻗوة اﻟﺷد‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛﯾرﯾﻣﯾد )‪ (PEI‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟزاء‬
‫اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻷداء‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‪ ،‬وﻛذﻟك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻻﺳﺗﮭﻼﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل أواﻧﻲ‬
‫طﮭﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﻛرووﯾف‪ .‬اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻣل‪Ultem.‬‬

‫‪. 18‬ﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛرﺳوﻟﻔون‬

‫ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ إﯾﺛر ﺳﻠﻔون‪PES) ، (PESU‬ﺑﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﺎﺋﻲ وأﻛﺳدة وﺣراري ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺟﯾدة ﻟﻠﻘﻠوﯾﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﯾل اﻟﻣﻠﺣﯾﺔ واﻷﺣﻣﺎض ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻟزﯾوت واﻟﺷﺣوم‪ .‬ﯾﺷﻣل اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ وأﻏﺷﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺻل اﻟﻐﺎز وﺣﺎوﯾﺎت اﻟطﻌﺎم ﻣن اﻟﻔرﯾزر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﯾﻛرووﯾف‪ .‬وﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ Ultrason‬و‪Veradel.‬‬

‫‪. 19‬ﺑوﻟﯾﺑﻧزﯾﻣﯾدازول‬
‫ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺑﻧزﯾﻣﯾدازول)‪ ، (PBI‬اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ‪ Celazole‬و‪ ،Duratron‬ﺑﻧﻘطﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺻﮭﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺟدًا ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى وﯾظﮭر ﺛﺑﺎﺗ ًﺎ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾًﺎ وﺣرارﯾًﺎ ﻣﻣﺗﺎزً ا‪ .‬إن ﺛﺑﺎت ‪ PBI‬اﻟراﺋﻊ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗدرﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺣﻣل‪ ،‬وﺻﻼﺑﺗﮫ وﺻﻼﺑﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻗد أﺗﺎح اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﺑس ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣراﺋﻖ‪ ،‬واﻟﺑدﻻت اﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟرواد اﻟﻔﺿﺎء‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻔﺎزات اﻟواﻗﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻼﺑس اﻟﻠﺣﺎم‪ ،‬وأﻗﻣﺷﺔ ﺟدران اﻟطﺎﺋرات‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟوﻗود‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ھل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر؟‬
‫ﻧظرا ﻷن اﻟرواﺑط‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة ﺗدوﯾر اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﻷن ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻻ ﺗﺗﺣﻠل ﻋﻧد ﺗﺳﺧﯾﻧﮭﺎ‪ً .‬‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ داﺧل اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺗظل ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺣﻠل اﻟرواﺑط اﻷﺿﻌف ﺑﯾن ﺳﻼﺳل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﺻﮭر اﻟﻠداﺋن‬
‫اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ وإﻋﺎدة اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗﻛرر‪.‬‬
 ‫ھل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ آﻣﻧﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﻌظم أﻧواع اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ آﻣﻧﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺣو اﻟﻣﻧﺷود‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد أﺛﯾرت ﻣﺧﺎوف ﺑﺷﺄن ﻣﺎدة‬
‫‪PVC‬ﺑﺳﺑب ﻣوﻧوﻣر ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾل )‪ (VCM‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن طرق اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫أن إطﻼق ‪ VCM‬ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﺟدًا ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن ‪ VCM‬اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﺟدًا ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﮫ‪.‬‬

‫ھل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠل؟‬

‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺳت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠل‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺑﻌض اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل ﺑوﻟﻲ )ﺣﻣض اﻟﻼﻛﺗﯾك(‬
‫)‪ ،(PLA‬واﻟﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻛﺣول اﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾل(‪PVOH) ، (PVAL‬وﺑوﻟﻲ ھﯾدروﻛﺳﻲ أﻟﻛﺎﻧوات )‪ (PHAs‬ﺗﻛون ﻛذﻟك‪.‬‬

‫ھل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ھﺷﺔ؟‬

‫ﺗﺣت درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺗزﺟﺞ)‪ ، (Tg‬ﺗﻛون اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ھﺷﺔ وﺗﺗﺷوه ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺗﺷوه اﻟﻣرن‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻛون اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن‪ ، Tg‬ﺗﻛون ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﺣب وﺗﺗﺷوه ﺑﺷﻛل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺷوه اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك‪ .‬ﻟذا‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺻﺎر‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﺣول اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ھﺷﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠطرق ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﺧﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل‪Tg.‬‬

‫ھل ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؟‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗﻛرر ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺗﺳﺧﯾن ﺛم إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ أﺷﻛﺎل ﺟدﯾدة‪.‬‬

‫ھل ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾذوب اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؟‬

‫ﺗذوب اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻣﻧﺎطﻘﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻠورﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗرﺗﯾب ﻋﺷواﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻﻧﺻﮭﺎر ھذه ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻠورة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺗذوب؛ ﺗﺗﻣﯾز ﺑدرﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺗزﺟﺞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺎدة أﻗل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ھﺷﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣرارة‪ ،‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻣﺎدة أﻛﺛر ﻟﯾوﻧﺔ وﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻣطﺎطﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر‪.‬‬

‫ھل ﯾﻣﻛن طﻼء اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؟‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن طﻼء اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر ﺳطﺢ ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﺳوف ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟطﻼء ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ أي طﻼء ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر وﯾﺳﺑب ﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻠون وﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟطﻘس‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻟدھﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺧﯾﺎرا ﺟﯾدًا ﻟطﻼء اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻛرﯾﻠﯾك‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك دھﺎﻧﺎت اﻟرش‪،‬‬

‫ھل ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﺣﺎم اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؟‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﺣﺎم اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﯾﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﺳﺧﯾن ﻗﺑل ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ ﺛم ﺗرﻛﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﺑرد وﺗﺗﺻﻠب‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻣﺟرد ﺗﺑرﯾدھﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗظﮭر أي ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧواص اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة ﺻﮭرھﺎ وإﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻋدة ﻣرات‪.‬‬

‫ھﻧﺎك اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن أﻧواع اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻣﯾزة‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر‬
‫ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣرﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺗﺟددة واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠل ﻣﺛل‬
‫ﺑﻧﺟر اﻟﺳﻛر‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺎ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻟﻔﺿﺎء واﻟﺳﯾﺎرات واﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺎت واﻟﺳﻛك‬
‫اﻟﺣدﯾدﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﻔط واﻟﻐﺎز واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠك‪.‬‬
What is a thermoset?
Thermoset
A thermoset is a polymer that forms irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process. Unlike
thermoplastics that can be melted and remould multiple times, thermosets (as their names suggest) are set
in a permanent physical and chemical composition after the first curing process. This occurs as polymers in
the material ‘cross-link’, performing an unbreakable, irreversible bond. This unique feature makes
thermosetting polymers an excellent choice for parts that need to have excellent dimensional stability at
elevated temperatures.
The critical difference between thermoplastics and thermosets is how the materials behave during the curing
process. Thermosets strengthen when cured but form chemical bonds that make them impossible to
remould. Thermoplastics do not form any chemical bond when curing, making them re-mouldable and
recyclable. This three-dimensional bonding in thermosets makes them stronger and more heat resistant than
thermoplastics.

Thermosets' ability to retain their strength and geometry when exposed to elevated temperatures set them
apart from thermoplastics. Thermosets will often degrade before melting when exposed to excess heat.
These properties mean plastics can be used as a low-cost replacement for metals in some applications.

In a nutshell, thermosets generally have greater physical properties than thermoplastics; however they
cannot be remoulded and recycled.

Thermoset materials
Melamine
Epoxy
Polyester
Silicone
Urea-formaldehyde
Polyurethane
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Thermoplastic materials

Acrylic (PMMA)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Nylon
Polypropylene (PP)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Acetal Copolymer Polyoxymethylene (POM-C)
Acetal Homopolymer Polyoxymethylene (POM-H)

Advantages of thermosets
✅ High-temperature resistance
✅ Good chemical resistance

✅ Excellent dimensional stability

✅ High Strength, toughness and rigidity

Disadvantages of thermosets
❌ Non-recyclable (cannot be remoulded)

❌ Poor thermal conductivity (e.g. for electrical housing)

❌ Brittle

Advantages of thermoplastics
✅ Eco-friendly and recyclable

✅ Excellent impact resistance

✅ Better aesthetic finishing

✅ Good adhesion to metals

Disadvantages of thermoplastics
❌ Can degrade when exposed to UV

❌ May soften when exposed to heat

❌ Can be more expensive than a thermoset

 ‫ﻣﺎ ھو ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة؟‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﯾﺷﻛل رواﺑط ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻻ رﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ أﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛس اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺻﮭرھﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻋدة ﻣرات‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠدة ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة )ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺷﯾر أﺳﻣﺎﺋﮭﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﺔ ﻓﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ داﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﻌد ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ .‬وﯾﺣدث ھذا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎدة "ﻣﺗﺻﺎﻟﺑﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ راﺑطﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻣﺗﺎزا ﻟﻸﺟزاء اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﯾﺎرا‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺳر وﻻ رﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‪ .‬ھذه اﻟﻣﯾزة اﻟﻔرﯾدة ﺗﺟﻌل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرات اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﻣﺗﺎز ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد ﻋﻧد درﺟﺎت ﺣرارة ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔرق اﻟﺣﺎﺳم ﺑﯾن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ واﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ھو ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺻرف اﻟﻣواد أﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺗﻘوى اﻟﻣواد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة ﻋﻧد ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺷﻛل رواﺑط ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﺟﻌل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﻠداﺋن‬
‫اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ أي راﺑطﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل وإﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر‪ .‬ھذا اﻟﺗراﺑط ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ أﻗوى وأﻛﺛر ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣرارة ﻣن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫إن ﻗدرة اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎظ ﺑﻘوﺗﮭﺎ وھﻧدﺳﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻟدرﺟﺎت ﺣرارة ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺗﻣﯾزھﺎ ﻋن اﻟﻠداﺋن‬
‫اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺣﻠل اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة ﻗﺑل اﻟذوﺑﺎن ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺣرارة اﻟزاﺋدة‪ .‬وﺗﻌﻧﻲ ھذه اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك ﻛﺑدﯾل ﻣﻧﺧﻔض اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺻﺎر‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻓﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ؛ وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮭﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗدوﯾرھﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﻼﻣﯾن‬
‫اﻻﯾﺑوﻛﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗر‬
‫ﺳﯾﻠﯾﻛون‬
‫ﻓورﻣﺎﻟدھﺎﯾد اﻟﯾورﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﯾورﯾﺛﯾن‬
‫ﺑوﻟﻲ ﺗﺗراﻓﻠوروإﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن)‪(PTFE‬‬
‫ﻓﻠورﯾد اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﻓﯾﻧﯾﻠدﯾن)‪(PVDF‬‬
‫اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬

‫أﻛرﯾﻠﯾك)‪(PMMA‬‬
‫ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻔﯾﻧﯾل)‪(PVC‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﯾﻠون‬
‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ ﺑروﺑﯾﻠﯾن)‪(PP‬‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ )ﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر(‬
‫أﺳﯾﺗﺎل ﻛوﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﺑوﻟﻲ أوﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن)‪(POM-C‬‬
‫أﺳﯾﺗﺎل ھوﻣوﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﺑوﻟﻲ أوﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﯾﺛﯾﻠﯾن)‪(POM-H‬‬
 ‫ﻣزاﯾﺎ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬
‫✅ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫✅ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺟﯾدة ﻟﻠﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬

‫✅ﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﻣﺗﺎز ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد‬

‫✅ﻗوة وﺻﻼﺑﺔ وﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻋﯾوب اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬

‫❌ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر )ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮭﺎ(‬

‫❌اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺣراري ﺿﻌﯾف )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻟﻠﺳﻛن اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ(‬

‫❌ھش‬

‫ﻣزاﯾﺎ اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬

‫✅ﺻدﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺗدوﯾر‬

‫✅ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣﻣﺗﺎزة ﻟﻠﺻدﻣﺎت‬

‫✅ﺗﺷطﯾب ﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ أﻓﺿل‬

‫✅اﻟﺗﺻﺎق ﺟﯾد ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬

‫ﻋﯾوب اﻟﻠداﺋن اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬

‫❌ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺗﺣﻠل ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓوق اﻟﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﯾﺔ‬

‫❌ﻗد ﯾﻠﯾن ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮫ ﻟﻠﺣرارة‬

‫❌ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون أﻏﻠﻰ ﻣن اﻟﺛﯾرﻣوﺳت‬

Report on composite material?

A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical
properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialised to do a certain
job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve
strength and stiffness. The reason for their use over traditional materials is because they
improve the properties of their base materials and are applicable in many situations.

Brief History

Humans have used composites for thousands of years. In 3400 B.C the first man made
composites were engineered by the Mesopotamians in Iraq. The ancient society glued wood
strips on top of each other at different angles to create plywood. Following this, in around
2181 B.C the Egyptians started to make death masks out of linen or papyrus soaked in plaster.
Later on, both of these societies started to reinforce their materials with straw to strengthen
mud bricks, pottery and boats.

In 1200 A.D, the Mongols began to engineer composite bows which were incredibly effective
at the time. These were made out of wood, bamboo, bone, cattle tendons, horn and silk
bonded with pine resin.

Following the industrial revolution, synthetic resins started to take a solid form by using
polymerisation. In the 1900s this new-found knowledge about chemicals led to the creation
of various plastics such as polyester, phenolic and vinyl. Synthetics then started to be
developed, Bakelite was created by the chemist Leo Baekeland. The fact that it did not conduct
electricity and was heat resistant meant it could be widely used across many industries.

The 1930s was an incredibly important time for the advancement of composites. Glass fibre
was introduced by Owens Corning who also started the first fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
industry. The resins engineered during this era are still used to this day and, in 1936,
unsaturated polyester resins were patented. Two years later, higher performance resin
systems became accessible.

The first carbon fibre was patented in 1961 and then became commercially available. Then, in
the mid-1990s, composites were starting to become increasingly common for manufacturing
processes and construction due to their relatively cheap cost compared to materials that had
been used previously.

The composites on a Boeing 787 Dreamliner in the mid-2000s substantiated their use for high
strength applications.
What are the Different Types?

Some common composite materials include:

• Ceramic matrix composite: Ceramic spread out in a ceramic

matrix. These are better than normal ceramics as they are thermal
shock and fracture resistant
• Metal matrix composite: A metal spread throughout a matrix
• Reinforced concrete: Concrete strengthened by a material with
high tensile strength such as steel reinforcing bars
• Glass fiber reinforced concrete: Concrete which is poured into a
glass fiber structure with high zirconia content
• Translucent concrete: Concrete which encases optic fibers
• Engineered wood: Manufactured wood combined with other
cheap materials. One example would be particle board. A specialty
material like veneer can also be found in this composite
• Plywood: Engineered wood by gluing many thin layers of wood
together at different angles
• Engineered bamboo: Strips of bamboo fiber glued together to
make a board. This is a useful composite due to the fact it has
higher compressive, tensile and flexural strength than wood
• Parquetry: A square of many wood pieces put together often out
of hardwood. It is sold as a decorative piece
• Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fiber or flour cast in plastic
• Cement-bonded wood fiber: Mineralised wood pieces cast in
cement. This composite has insulating and acoustic properties
• Fiberglass: Glass fiber combined with a plastic which is relatively
inexpensive and flexible
• Carbon Fiber reinforced polymer: Carbon fiber set in plastic
which has a high strength-to-weight ratio
• Sandwich panel: A variety of composites that are layered on top of
each other
• Composite honeycomb: A selection of composites in many
hexagons to form a honeycomb shape.
• Papier-mache: Paper bound with an adhesive. These are found in
crafts
• Plastic coated paper: Paper coated with plastic to improve
durability. An example of where this is used is in playing cards
• Syntactic foams: Light materials created by filling metals, ceramics
or plastics with microballoons. These ballons are made using either
glass, carbon or plastic.
What are the Advantages of Composite Materials?

• Low costs compared to metals

• Design flexibility
• Resistance to a wide range of chemical agents
• Low weight
• Durability
• Electric insulation
• High Impact strength

Why use Composites?

Weight saving is one of the main reasons for using composite materials
rather than conventional materials for components. While composites are
lighter they can also be stronger than other materials, for example,
reinforced carbon-fiber can be up to five times stronger than 1020 grade
steel and only one fifth of the weight, making it perfect for structural
purposes.

Another advantage of using a composite over a conventional type of

material is the thermal and chemical resistance as well as the electrical
insulation properties. Unlike conventional materials, composites can have
multiple properties not often found in a single material.

Fiber reinforced composites, such as fiber reinforced plastic (FRP

composites), are finding increasing use in the design and manufacture of
final products for commercialisation.

Examples of Composite Uses

• Electrical equipment
• Aerospace structures
• Infrastructure
• Pipes and tanks
• Homes can be framed using plastic laminated beams
 ‫ﺗﻘرﯾرﻋن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣزﯾﺞ ﻣن ﻣﺎدﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻓﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ وﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم دﻣﺟﮭﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺎدة‬
‫ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﻌﻣل ﻣﻌﯾن‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻟﺗﺻﺑﺢ أﻗوى أو أﺧف أو ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﮭرﺑﺎء‪ .‬ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮭم أﯾﺿًﺎ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻘوة‬
‫واﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺑب اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ ھو أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣواد اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‬
‫‪.‬وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗف‬

‫ﻟﻣﺣﺔ ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺔ ﻗﺻﯾرة‬

‫ﻟﻘد اﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺑﺷر اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻣﻧذ آﻻف اﻟﺳﻧﯾن‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 3400‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‪ ،‬ﺗم ﺗﺻﻣﯾم أول ﻣواد ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻣن ﺻﻧﻊ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﺳﻛﺎن ﺑﻼد ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﮭرﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌراق‪ .‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻘدﯾم ﺑﻠﺻﻖ ﺷراﺋﺢ اﻟﺧﺷب ﻓوق ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض‬
‫ﺑزواﯾﺎ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟرﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌد ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣواﻟﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2181‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‪ ،‬ﺑدأ اﻟﻣﺻرﯾون ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﻊ أﻗﻧﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣوت ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺎن أو ورق اﻟﺑردي اﻟﻣﻧﻘوع ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺑس‪ .‬وﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑدأ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ ﻣوادھﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘش‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﺗﻘوﯾﺔ اﻟطوب اﻟﻠﺑن واﻟﻔﺧﺎر واﻟﻣراﻛب‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1200‬ﺑﻌد اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‪ ،‬ﺑدأ اﻟﻣﻐول ﻓﻲ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻷﻗواس اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻻ ﯾﺻدق ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟوﻗت‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺻﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧﺷب واﻟﺧﯾزران واﻟﻌظﺎم وأوﺗﺎر اﻟﻣﺎﺷﯾﺔ واﻟﻘرون واﻟﺣرﯾر اﻟﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑراﺗﯾﻧﺞ اﻟﺻﻧوﺑر‬

‫ﺷﻛﻼ ﺻﻠﺑًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﻠﻣرة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‪ ،‬أدت ھذه‬‫ﺑﻌد اﻟﺛورة اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑدأت اﻟراﺗﻧﺟﺎت اﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﺧذ ً‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﺣول اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺷﺎء أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك ﻣﺛل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗر واﻟﻔﯾﻧول واﻟﻔﯾﻧﯾل‪ .‬ﺛم ﺑدأ‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗرﻛﯾﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗم إﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﺑﺎﻛﻠﯾت ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﯾو ﺑﺎﯾﻛﻼﻧد‪ .‬وﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻟم ﺗوﺻل اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء‬
‫‪.‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣرارة ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﺗرة اﻟﺛﻼﺛﯾﻧﯾﺎت وﻗﺗًﺎ ﻣﮭ ًﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘدم اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺗم ﺗﻘدﯾم اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ أوﯾﻧز ﻛورﻧﯾﻧﺞ اﻟذي‬
‫ﺑدأ أﯾﺿًﺎ أول ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺑوﻟﯾﻣر اﻟﻣﻘوى ﺑﺎﻷﻟﯾﺎف )‪ .(FRP‬وﻻ ﺗزال اﻟراﺗﻧﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل ھذه اﻟﺣﻘﺑﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾوﻣﻧﺎ ھذا‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1936‬ﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾل ﺑراءة اﺧﺗراع ﻟراﺗﻧﺟﺎت اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺳﺗر ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﻌد ﻣرور ﻋﺎﻣﯾن‪،‬‬
‫أﺻﺑﺢ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن اﻟوﺻول إﻟﻰ أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟراﺗﻧﺞ ذات اﻷداء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾل أول ﺑراءة اﺧﺗراع ﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛرﺑون ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1961‬ﺛم أﺻﺑﺣت ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺟﺎرﯾًﺎ‪ .‬ﺛم‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻌﯾﻧﯾﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑدأت اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﯾد ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ واﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﺳﺑب ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺗﮭﺎ اﻟرﺧﯾﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﯾًﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﺛﺑﺗت اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻋﻠﻰ طﺎﺋرة ﺑوﯾﻧﺞ ‪ 787‬درﯾﻣﻼﯾﻧر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﻌﻘد اﻷول ﻣن اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺣﺎدي واﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻘوة‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻻﻧواع اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ؟‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺗﺷﻣل‪:‬‬

‫ﻣرﻛب ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ﺳﯾراﻣﯾك‪ :‬ﺳﯾراﻣﯾك ﻣﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ﺳﯾراﻣﯾك‪ .‬ھذه أﻓﺿل ﻣن اﻟﺳﯾراﻣﯾك اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺻدﻣﺎت اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﺳر‬
‫ﻣرﻛب اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌدن ﻣﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧﺣﺎء اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﺑﻣﺎدة ذات ﻗوة ﺷد ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل ﻗﺿﺑﺎن اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﯾﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺻﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﯾﻛل ﻣن اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟزرﻛوﻧﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐطﻲ اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟ ُﻣﺻﻣم ھﻧدﺳﯾًﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟ ُﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻣواد أﺧرى رﺧﯾﺻﺔ اﻟﺛﻣن‪ .‬أﺣد اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟك ﺳﯾﻛون‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻟوح اﻟﺟﺳﯾﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿًﺎ اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻘﺷرة ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣرﻛب‬
‫اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟرﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ‪ :‬ﺧﺷب ُﻣﺻﻣم ھﻧدﺳﯾًﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻟﺻﻖ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن طﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟرﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﺑزواﯾﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧﯾزران اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﺷراﺋﺢ ﻣن أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺧﯾزران ﻣﻠﺗﺻﻘﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﻟوح‪ .‬ﯾﻌد ھذا ﻣرﻛﺑًﺎ ﻣﻔﯾدًا‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻘوة ﺿﻐط وﺷد واﻧﺛﻧﺎء أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن اﻟﺧﺷب‬
‫اﻟﺑﺎرﻛﯾﮫ‪ :‬ﻣرﺑﻊ ﻣن اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻟﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻷﺣﯾﺎن ﻣن اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟﺻﻠب‪ .‬ﯾﺑﺎع‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻘطﻌﺔ دﯾﻛور‬
‫ﻣرﻛب اﻟﺧﺷب واﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك‪ :‬إﻣﺎ أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺧﺷب أو اﻟدﻗﯾﻖ اﻟﻣﺻﺑوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك‬ ‫•‬
‫أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﻧت‪ :‬ﻗطﻊ ﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ ﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺻﺑوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻣﻧت‪ .‬ھذا اﻟﻣرﻛب ﻟﮫ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ وﺻوﺗﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟزﺟﺎﺟﯾﺔ‪ :‬أﻟﯾﺎف زﺟﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻣﻣزوﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك وھﻲ رﺧﯾﺻﺔ اﻟﺛﻣن وﻣرﻧﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾًﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣر اﻟﻣﻘوى ﺑﺄﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛرﺑون‪ :‬ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛرﺑون ﻣن اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘوة‬ ‫•‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟوزن‬
‫ﻟوﺣﺔ ﺳﺎﻧدوﯾﺗش‪ :‬ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓوق ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗرص اﻟﻌﺳل اﻟﻣرﻛب‪ :‬ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﺎرة ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻷﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺳداﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﺷﻛل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗرص اﻟﻌﺳل‪.‬‬
‫اﻟورق اﻟﻣﻌﺟن‪ :‬ورق ﻣﻐﻠف ﺑﻣﺎدة ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‪ .‬ھذه ﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرف‬ ‫•‬
‫ورق ﻣطﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك‪ :‬ورق ﻣطﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛﺎن اﺳﺗﺧدام ھذا ﻓﻲ أوراق‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻠﻌب‬
‫اﻟرﻏﺎوي اﻟﻧﺣوﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣواد ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ ﯾﺗم إﻧﺷﺎؤھﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣلء اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن أو اﻟﺳﯾراﻣﯾك أو اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺎﻟوﻧﺎت‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ھذه اﻟﺑﺎﻟوﻧﺎت إﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟزﺟﺎج أو اﻟﻛرﺑون أو اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣزاﯾﺎ اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ؟‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣروﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫وزن ﺧﻔﯾف‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺗﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻌزل اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗوة ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻣﺎذا اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت؟‬

‫ﯾﻌد ﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟوزن أﺣد اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﺑدﻻً ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن‬
‫اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ أﺧف وزﻧًﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون أﯾﺿًﺎ أﻗوى ﻣن اﻟﻣواد اﻷﺧرى‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون‬
‫أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛرﺑون اﻟﻣﻘواة أﻗوى ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺧﻣس ﻣرات ﻣن اﻟﻔوﻻذ درﺟﺔ ‪ 1020‬وﺧﻣس اﻟوزن ﻓﻘط‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻏراض اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯾزة أﺧرى ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣرﻛب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧوع ﺗﻘﻠﯾدي ﻣن اﻟﻣواد ھﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ وﻛذﻟك ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻌزل‬
‫اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛس اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻣﺗﻌددة ﻻ ﺗوﺟد ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة‬
‫واﺣدة‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺟد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻘواة ﺑﺎﻷﻟﯾﺎف‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾك اﻟﻣﻘوى ﺑﺎﻷﻟﯾﺎف( ﻣرﻛﺑﺎت)‪ ، FRP‬اﺳﺗﺧدا ًﻣﺎ ﻣﺗزاﯾدًا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬
‫وﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺳوﯾﻖ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻌدات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب واﻟﺧزاﻧﺎت‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺄطﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺎزل ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋوارض ﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ‬