ROHAN AVACHAT

Dr. Pundlik Bhagat

15BEM0102

C2

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-3
1. GIVE BRIEF ABOUT POLYMERS USED IN AUTOMOBILES INDUSTRY
ANS:There are many examples in a modern car of weight savings made possible by polymers:
polymers-made bumpers are up to10.4 kilograms lighter, engine covers 4.2 kilograms
lighter and polymers fuel tanks five kilograms lighter than those made of conventional
materials. In turn, chassis, drive trains and transmission parts can all be made lighter as a
result of having to support a lower overall car weight.

Advantages of high performance plastics used in transport vehicles

include:
minimal corrosion, allowing for longer vehicle life
substantial design freedom, allowing advanced creativity and innovation
flexibility in integrating components
safety, comfort and economy
recyclability.
Here are the top 13 high performance plastics used in automotive hardware.
While all 13 may easily be used in a single vehicle, just three types of plastic
make up approximately 66% of the total high performance plastics used in a car:
polypropylene (32%), polyurethane (17%) and PVC (16%).
1)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications.

A saturated addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged

and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.

Application: automotive bumpers, chemical tanks, cable insulation, gas cans,
carpet fibers.
2)

Polyurethane (PUR)

Solid Polyurethane is an elastomeric material of exceptional physical properties

including toughness, flexibility, and resistance to abrasion and temperature.
Polyurethane has a broad hardness range, from eraser soft to bowling ball hard.
Other polyurethane characteristics include extremely high flex-life, high loadbearing capacity and outstanding resistance to weather, ozone, radiation, oil,
gasoline and most solvents.
Application: flexible foam seating, foam insulation panels, elastomeric wheels
and tires, automotive suspension bushings, cushions, electrical potting
compounds, hard plastic parts.
3)

Poly-Vinyl-Chloride (PVC)

PVC has good flexibility, is flame retardant, and has good thermal stability, a
high gloss, and low (to no) lead content. Polyvinyl chloride molding compounds
can be extruded, injection molded, compression molded, calendered, and blow
molded to form a huge variety of products, either rigid or flexible depending on
the amount and type of plasticizers used.
Application: automobile instruments panels, sheathing of electrical cables,
pipes, doors.
4)

ABS

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene is a copolymer made by polymerizing styrene

and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene. The styrene gives the plastic
a shiny, impervious surface. The butadiene, a rubbery substance, provides
resilience even at low temperatures. A variety of modifications can be made to
improve impact resistance, toughness, and heat resistance.
Application: automotive body parts, dashboards, wheel covers.
5)

Polyamide (PA, Nylon 6/6, Nylon 6)

Nylon 6/6 is a general-purpose nylon that can be both molded and extruded.
Nylon 6/6 has good mechanical properties and wear resistance. It is frequently
used when a low cost, high mechanical strength, rigid and stable material is
required. Nylon is highly water absorbent and will swell in watery environments.
Application: gears, bushes, cams, bearings, weather proof coatings.

6)

Polystyrene (PS)

Naturally clear, polystyrene exhibits excellent chemical and electrical resistance.

Special high gloss and high impact grades are widely available. This easy to
manufacture plastic has poor resistance to UV light.
Application: equipment housings, buttons, car fittings, display bases.
7)

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene has high impact resistant, low density, and exhibits good
toughness. It can be used in a wide variety of thermoplastics processing
methods and is particularly useful where moisture resistance and low cost are
required.
Application: car bodies (glass reinforced), electrical insulation.
8)

POM (polyoxymethylene)

POM has excellent stiffness, rigidity, and yield strength. These properties are
stable in low temperatures. POM also is highly chemical and fuel resistant.
Application: interior and exterior trims, fuel systems, small gears.
9)

Polycarbonate (PC)

Amorphous polycarbonate polymer offers a unique combination of stiffness,

hardness and toughness. It exhibits excellent weathering, creep, impact, optical,
electrical and thermal properties. Because of its extraordinary impact strength, it
is the material for car bumpers, helmets of all kinds and bullet-proof glass
substitutes.
Application: bumpers, headlamp lenses.
10) Acrylic (PMMA)

A transparent thermoplastic, PMMA is often used as a lightweight or shatterresistant alternative to glass. Its cheaper than PC but is also more prone to
scratching and shattering.
Application: windows, displays, screens.
11) PBT (polybutylene terephthalate)
The thermoplastic PBT is used as an insulator in the electrical and electronics
industries. It is highly chemical and heat resistant. Flame-retardant grades are
available.
Application: door handles, bumpers, carburettor components.
12) Polyethylene Teraphthalate (PET)
PET is mostly used to create synthetic fibres and plastic bottles. You may
recognize it on clothing labels under the name polyester.
Application: wiper arm and gear housings, headlamp retainer, engine cover,
connector housings.
13) ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acryl ate)
Similar to ABS, ASA has great toughness and rigidity, good chemical resistance
and thermal stability, outstanding resistance to weather, aging and yellowing,
and high gloss. Be careful not to burn this material. It will cause a toxic smoke.
Application: housings, profiles, interior parts and outdoor applications.

2. WRITE A NOTE ON POLYMERS USED IN ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY

Electrical insulation: Electricity is essential to our standard of living, a valuable and
versatile servant but it is also potentially lethal. Polymers do not conduct electricity and
are therefore used in a variety of applications where their insulating properties are needed.
PVC is widely used to insulate electric wiring, while thermosets (which can withstand high
temperatures) are used for switches, light fittings and handles. Polymers are especially
suited to housings for goods such as hairdryers, electric razors and food mixers as they
protect the consumer from the risk of electric shock.
Heat insulation: Polymers are poor conductors of heat. To reduce the risk of burns,
manufacturers have therefore made extensive use of Polymers, introducing cool-touch
toasters, deep-fat fryers and kettles. To further protect the consumer, Polymers can be
made fire resistant through the use of special flame retardant additives.
Lightweight: Substantial weight reductions in tools and equipment can be made by using
Polymers. And as they are lighter, they use less electricity to run helping the

environment as well as reducing running costs.

Freedom of design: Whatever the designer dreams up, Polymers can deliver. They can
be any colour transparent, translucent or opaque; any texture matte to eliminate glare
in the office, smooth for easily cleaned kitchen equipment or non-slip for handles.
Polymers are ideally suited to the ergo dynamic curves which make modern tools easy
and safe to use.
Durable: Polymers are hygienic, hardwearing and easily cleaned and maintained. They do
not corrode, like metals, or rot like other organic materials. They are oil- and acid-resistant,
an important property for tools and can be made shatter-resistant.
Energy-efficient: Polymers consume just 4% of oil production. They take less energy
and therefore fossil fuel to make than most traditional materials. This makes them
cheaper to make and buy, as well as benefiting the environment by conserving resources.
Recyclable: When products have reached the end of their useful lives, many of the plastic
components can be recycled, to give them a second life and thus save energy and raw
materials. ICER (see below) is promoting and developing recycling facilities in the UK.
Waste Polymers can also be incinerated in purpose-built, clean-burning power stations to
generate electricity.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - telephone handsets, keyboards, monitors, computer
housings
3. Aikyd resins - circuit breakers, switch gear
4. Amino resins - lighting fixtures
5. Epoxy resins - electrical components
6. Ethylene vinyl acetate - freezer door strips, vacuum lean hoses, handle-grips
7. Phenol formaldehyde - fuse boxes, knobs, switches, handles
8. Polyacetal - business machine parts
9. Polyamide - food processor bearings, adaptors
10. Polycarbonate - telephones
11. Polyesters - business machine parts, coffee machines, toasters
12. Polyethylene - cable & wire insulation
13. Polymethyl methacrylate - hi-fi lids, windows on tape decks
14. Polymethyl pentane - circuit boards, microwave grills
15. Polyphenylene oxide - coffee machines, TV housings
16. Polyphenylene suiphide - hairdryer grilles, element bases, transformers
17. Polypropylene - kettles
18. Polystyrene - refrigerator trays/linings, TV cabinets
19. Polysulphone - microwave grills
20. Polytetrafluoroethene - electrical applications
21. Polyvinyl chloride - cable and wire insulation, cable trunking
22. Styrene acrylonitrile - hi-fi covers
23. Urea formaldehyde - fuse boxes, knobs, switches

3. WHAT ARE FEATURES REQUIRED FOR POLYMER USED IN SATELLITE

Important Considerations The goal of all research in materials is to improve
performance, including damage, stress and heat tolerance, while reducing processing and
fabrication costs. There is no ideal material to meet every need. In fact, a desired
characteristic in one application may be a disadvantage in another. Researchers consider
many characteristics and weigh them either as a pro or a con for a given application.
Light weight.
It takes ten pounds of resources to get one pound into space and back. Therefore,
the lighter the material, the less costly it is to get a structure into space.
Dimensional stability.
A low-Earth-orbit spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, circles Earth
every 90 minutes. During each orbit, there are periods of extreme hot and cold
which can cause most materials, as the spacecraft moves in and out of the Earth's
shadow, to expand and contract, changing their size and shape as the temperature
changes. A "dimensionally stable" material retains its size and shape with changes
in temperature - this is a critical factor in many applications.
Lifetime prediction.
Some missions run for years, some last only a few weeks. The lifetime of a material
can determine the length of the mission and if not predicted correctly can lead to
premature failure.
Environmental stability and durability.
Components must be durable in the harsh space environment which includes
radiation, atomic oxygen and vacuum.
Strength/stiffness.
How much load a material can take and how flexible it is are two different
considerations determined by each application.
Manufacturability. A material that is hazardous to the people who are
manufacturing it or to the environment can be more expensive to make because of
the special requirements to handle and dispose of it.
Cost effectiveness.
The cost of a material, including production and testing, is a major consideration
and can be the determining factor in whether or not it is used.

Solar cell(Polymer based)

A polymer solar cell is a type of flexible solar cell made with polymers, large molecules with repeating
structural units, that produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect. Polymer solar cells
include organic solar cells (also called "plastic solar cells"). They are one type of thin film solar cell,
others include the more stable amorphous silicon solar cell.
Most commercial solar cells are made from a refined, highly purified silicon crystal, similar to the
material used in the manufacture of integrated circuits and computer chips (wafer silicon). The high cost
of these silicon solar cells and their complex production process generated interest in alternative
technologies.
Compared to silicon-based devices, polymer solar cells are lightweight (which is important for small
autonomous sensors), potentially disposable and inexpensive to fabricate (sometimes using printed
electronics), flexible, customizable on the molecular level and potentially have less adverse
environmental impact.

4. POLYMERS USED IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Polymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated
articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity
exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific
needs by varying the atomic composition of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by
the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to
impart specific activities.

In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both engineering and a
nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the
most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the
shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to
increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field,
because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the
consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high
quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human
health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and
hypertension.

2. Categories of Edible Polymer

The edible polymers can be comprised in any of the four categories:
(1) hydrocolloids, (2) polypeptides, (3) lipids, (4) synthetic and composite edible
polymers.
2.1. Hydrocolloids
Hydrocolloids are often called hydrophilic polymers, of vegetable, animal, microbial,
or synthetic origin, that generally contain many hydroxyl groups (polysaccharides)
and may be polyelectrolytes. Polysaccharides were commercially available for use
in food and nonfood industries as stabilizers, thickening and gelling agents,
crystallization inhibitors, and encapsulating agents Many hydrocolloids were
polyelectrolytes,
for
example,
starch
alginate,
carrageenan,
carboxymethylcellulose, gum arabic, chitosan, pectin, and anthan gum.
2.2. Polypeptides
Polypeptide- (protein-) based edible polymer can be used for the individual
packaging of small portions of food, particularly products that were not currently
individually packaged for practical reasons, such as beans, nuts, and cashew nuts.
Additionally, polypeptide-based edible polymer can function as carriers for
antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Additional possible application of polypeptidebased edible polymer could be their use of multilayer food packaging materials
together with nonedible polymer. In this case, the protein-based edible polymer
would be the internal layers in direct contact with food materials. Through functions
relating to mechanical and barrier properties, protein-based edible polymer may be
able to substitute synthetic polymer films.
2.3. Lipids
Lipid compounds exploited as edible polymer consist of acetylated monoglycerides,
natural wax, and surfactants. The most operative lipid substances were paraffin
wax and beeswax. The primary utility of a lipid was to block passage of moisture
due to their relative low polarity. In contrast, the hydrophobic characteristic of lipid
forms thicker and more brittle films. Accordingly, they must be associated with filmforming agents such as proteins or cellulose derivatives. Generally, water vapor

permeability decreases when the concentration of hydrophobicity phase rises.

Lipid-based films were often maintained on a polymer structure matrix, usually a
polysaccharide, to provide mechanical strength.
2.4. Synthetic and Composite Edible Polymer
Edible polymers may be diverse in nature, consisting of a blend of polysaccharides,
protein, and/or lipids. This approach empowers one to utilize the distinct functional
characteristics of each class of film former. The combination between polymers to
form films could be from proteins and carbohydrates, proteins and lipids,
carbohydrates and lipids, or synthetic polymers and natural polymers. The main
objective of producing composite polymer was to improve the permeability or
mechanical properties as dictated by the need of a specific application. These
heterogeneous films were applied either in the form of an emulsion, suspension, or
dispersion of the nonmiscible constituents, or in successive layers, or in the form of
a solution in a common solvent. The method of application affects the barrier
properties of the films obtained. Kamper and Fennema introduced the emulsion
films from methylcellulose and fatty acids to improve water vapor barrier of
cellulose films. Recently, many scientists have extensively discovered the
development of composite polymer based on the work of Kamper and Fennema
Examples of these studies were using lipid and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
methylcellulose and lipid, methylcellulose and fatty acid, corn zein, methylcellulose
and fatty acid, whey isolate and lipids, casein and lipids, gelatin and soluble starch,
hydroxypropyl starch and gelatin, corn zein and corn starch gelatin and fatty acid,
soy protein isolates and gelatin and soy protein isolate and polylactic acid

3. POLYMERS USED IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Life on Earth is linked to the presence of water, and water is our main constituent. However, all kinds of
living species are not simply bags of water but are highly organized. This specialized organization depends
on other compounds, macromolecules, i.e. polymers that are able to retain and structure water, as natural
hydro gels. Many polymers have a natural origin (mineral, vegetal or animal). Some of these have been used
for centuries. In the vegetal kingdom, cellulose is the most abundant macromolecule. Cellulose is a
polysaccharide composed of repeating units of cellobiose, i.e. it is a dimer of glucose. In the animal kingdom,
chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine, is widely distributed as the main constituent of the shell of
arthropods. Proteins and nucleic acids are well known as supports of life, and these natural polymers retain
and structure water. Use, including in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. An even wider diversity of
properties and uses has been obtained with the development of synthetic polymers, which can be prepared
by different methods and processes of polymerization of one or more monomers. In the domain of health, a
very interesting property of purely synthetic polymers is their absence of immunogenicity, unlike many
polymers of natural origin.

APPLICATIONS IN CONVENTIONAL DOSAGE FORMS

In Solid Dosage Forms,
1. Tablets
2. Capsules
3. Film Coatings of Solid Dosage Forms
4. Disperse Systems
5. Gels
6. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (Patches)
Tablets
In tablet the polymer are used as a Binder and Disintegrants. Binders which bind
the powder particle in a damp mass various polymer are used are Ethyl cellulose,
HPMC, Starch, Gelatin, polyvenylpyrrolidine. Alginic acid, Glucose, Sucrose.
Disintegrates like Starch, cellulose, Alginates, polyvenylpyrrolidine, sodium CMC
which decrease the time of dissolution and gives fast action of drug.
Capsules
The various polymer are used in the capsule as the plasticizer on which the
flexibility and strength of the Gelatin are depend on it .The release rate of the
Capsule are controlled by using the various type of polymer.
Natural coating agents
Natural polymer like Shellac and zein, although still used from time to time, are
hardly able to meet present-day requirements. Organic solvents should be reserved
for special applications only and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene
chloride and chloroform are avoided altogether, since they impose a heavy load on
the environment. Low-molecular-weight types of methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose can also be processed as aqueous solutions. Ethyl cellulose and
cellulose acetate phthalate are available as aqueous dispersions, so-called
pseudolatexes. An overview of the most widely used cellulosics is presented, the
structure and properties of acrylic polymers.
The solubility properties of EUDRAGIT acrylic polymers are adjusted to the
conditions of the digestive tract. They satisfy particularly stringent requirements in
terms of purity. Further quality characteristics are the high stability to environmental
influences during storage and absolute skin friendliness, i.e. indifference to bodily
tissue and fluids. The amount of acrylic polymer consumed with the active

ingredient is very small, only a few milligrams in the case of coated tablets and
approximately 150 mg per day with specific sustained-release preparations. The
average polymer quantity taken up by an adult is thus about 2 mg per kg of body
weight.

Disperse Systems
The biphasic system are like emulsion, suspension use various polymer for
disperse one phase into another phase i.e. water phase disperse in oil phase or
vice versa the polymer like poly vinyl pyrolidine, ethyl cellulose etc. Dispersed
Systems consist of particulate matter known as the dispersed phase, distributed
throughout the dispersion medium with the help of dispersing agent polymer
mentioned above. In the oil in water in oil type emulsion the dispersion of drug
content is very difficult but it is easily produced by using polymer as a dispersing
agent.
Film Coatings of Solid Dosage Forms
Chitosan's film forming abilities lend itself well as a coating agent for conventional
solid dosage forms such as tablets. Furthermore its gel- and matrix-forming abilities
make it useful for solid dosage forms, such as granules, micro particles, etc.
Sakkinen and coworkers studied microcrystalline chitosan as gel-forming excipients
for matrix-type drug granules. Crystallinity, molecular weight, and degree of
deacetylation were seen to be factors that affected the release rates from the
chitosan-based granules. Combination of positively charged chitosan with
negatively charged biomolecules, such as gelatin, alginic acid, and hyalouronic
acid, has been tested to yield novel matrices with unique characteristics for
controlled release of drugs
Taste masked by spray drying:
Chitosan and drug are dissolved in suitable solvent. Sonication done by
ultracentrifuge, after stirring 24 hrs with magnetic stirrer, after completely loading
drug to polymer, complex dried by spray drying and evaluated for taste masking,
Threshold concentration of bitterness. Complexes characterization done with the
help of XRPD, FT-IR, DSC and SEM. If Complexation was achieve, % of drug
content was determine and equivalent weight of complexes taken and formulate it.
Dissolution of the chitosan drug complexes tablet give sustain released effect.

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (Patches)

In the formulation of Transdermal Patches various polymer are used. The baking
material also prepared from the polymer for supporting of drug in drug reservoir.