Maslow’s Theory of Motivations

• Physiological needs – this pertains to the basic

physical needs of the human body.
Example: hunger, thirst, rest, activity.
• Safety needs – this level is concerned with the
assurance of personal benefit to the
individual.
Example: safety and security, freedom
from fear and anxiety.
• Social needs – this level shows the need of a
person to be loved and to show his/her love. It
makes a person seek out intimacy either for love
or friendship with his fellow.
Example -love, affection, giving and receiving.
• Self-esteem – this level of human need is
concerned with an individual’s desire to be
recognized and respected.
2 Components
-self-esteem and esteem from others.
• Self-actualization – this is the highest level of
human need. It marks the ultimate desire of a
person to become the best or to be different
from the rest.
Example: personal self-fulfilment.
 Classification of Travelers Based on
Personality
Psychocentrics
• They prefer to visit safe destinations.
• They do not like to experiment with
accommodations, food and entertainment.
• Allocentrics
are highly curious and thrive on
stimulation and change.
-Adventurous
 Classification of Travelers Based on
Purpose of Travel
• Business Travelers- it is divided into three
categories namely:
• Regular business travelers
• Business travelers attending meetings,
conventions etc.
• Incentive travelers
Pleasure/ Personal Travelers - are
classified into the following categories

• Resort travelers- are better educated, have

higher household incomes and are morelikely
to have professional and managerial positions.
• Family pleasure travelers- it can be divided
into three groups namely: junior families, mid-
range families and mature families.
• The elderly
• Singles and couples
 Travel Constraints
• Lack of money
• Lack of time
• Lack of safety and security
• Physical disability
• Family commitments
• Lacks of interests in travel
• Fears of travel
• Lack of money
• Lack of time
• Lack of safety and security
• Physical disability
• Family commitments
• Lacks of interests in travel
• Fears of travel
 The Economics of Tourism
• Positive Impacts
Foreign Exchange- it is generated through
the expense made by foreign visitors in a
country.
Investments- tourism can bring in
investments that can stimulate the local
economy. It serve as catalysts that encourage
spending not only from the private sector but
also from the public sector.
Jobs/Employment Generation – “Tourism
means Jobs” is an old slogan disseminated
by the Department of tourism nationwide.
It aims to inform people that tourism is a
labor-intensive industry that creates jobs at
all levels.
Taxes/Government Revenues – profits
earned by businesses and salaries paid
to employees are taxed by the
government. Fees are also collected by
government offices for licenses and
permits that are mandatory in the
operation of private businesses.
Negative Impacts
Inflation –is the increase in the prices
of commodities at a general level.
Leakage – it happens when an income
generated by a business is not used within
the local economy but it salted away in, or
remitted to other countries.
Dependence- when communities start
to be dependent on one industry, the
tendency is to neglect the other elements
or components of society.
 Environmental Impacts
Positive Impacts
• Conservation of Resources both Natural
and Man-made
• Awareness and Observance of Green
Practices
• Protection of the Flora and fauna and the
Communities
 Negative Impacts

-Pollution (solid waste, land, water, noise)

-Congestion
-Exploitation and Exhaustion of Natural
Resources ( wildlife, land and flora)
-Overdevelopment or Unrestrained Growth
 The Social and Cultural Impacts of
Tourism
Positive Impacts on the Social Aspects

1) Improve the Way of Life

• Tourism industry has the potential to promote

social development through employment
creation, income redistribution and poverty
alleviation.
• Benefits can include upgraded infrastructure,
health and transport improvements, new sport and
recreational facilities, restaurants, and public spaces
as well as an influx of better-quality
commodities and food.
Cultural Aspects:

2) Encourage Cultural Exchange

Traveling brings people into contact with each other

and, as tourism has an educational element, it can
foster understanding between peoples and cultures
and provide cultural exchange between hosts and
guests.
Because of this, the chances increase for people to:

Learn about each other’s culture and custom.

• Develop pride in, appreciation and understanding

of, as well as respect and tolerance for each
other’s culture

• Develop and extend host countries’ culture

because of the demand for traditional
entertainment, demand for traditional art, crafts
and music
3) Boost for Cultural Conservation

Tourists’ appreciation of local art, crafts,

folklore, history, religion or language may create a
desire among the local residents to renew their
cultural pride. Along the process, tourists can help
the residents appreciate their own cultural heritage
and look for their national identity.
 Negative Impacts on the Social and
Cultural Aspects
Social Aspects:
1) Lifestyles
(i) Congestion - By using facilities and
resources in the destination, tourists can have a
serious impact on host’s daily life:
-Possible friction between visitors and local
residents over shared usage of local recreational
facilities.
(ii) Transformation of forms and types of occupation

• Tourism offers new employment opportunities, which

may draw workers from other sectors of the
economy - for example, agriculture - with consequent
effects on class or social structure.

(iii) Health problems

• Tourism may give rise to health problems in at least two
ways. First of all, by moving around the
world tourists may spread diseases such as AIDS, cholera
or malaria.
•
Second, the movement of tourists or of people employed
in the tourism industry may lead to excessive use of
facilities such as sewage treatment which may present
health risks.

Moral Issues

(i) Prostitution and Sex Tourism-By its very nature,

tourism means that people are away from the puritanical
bonds of normal living, anonymity is assured away from
home, and money is available to spend hedonistically.
These circumstances are conducive to the survival and
expansion of prostitution;
(ii) Crime Generation

There are three factors that can influence

relationship between tourism and crime rate are:
• The density of the population during the tourist
season;
• The location of the resort in relation to an
international border;
• The per capita incomes of hosts and tourists, large
differences between them tending to encourage
robbery
Cultural Aspects:

1) Demonstration Effects

• Local residents especially young people attracted

by the tourists’ clothing, eating habits, spending
patterns and their lifestyles. Eventually, they are
adopting tourist behaviours, and this is called the
demonstration effect.
Commodification of Culture

Tourism often leads to the commercialization

of art forms and especially handicrafts. Artefacts
with cultural or religious meaning are sought by
tourists as souvenirs. As more and more tourists
visit a destination, souvenir production is increased,
often leading to mass production. In the process,
the cultural artefacts may lose their cultural
meaning.