Lecture 1: The Psychology of Tourism

• Four Classes of Travel Motivators

1. Physical motivators - include those related to physical rest, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing
entertainment, and other motivations directly connected with health.

● 2. Cultural motivators - include the desire to know about other countries their music, art, folklore, dances,
paintings, and religion;

● 3. Interpersonal motivators - the desire to meet other people, friends, or relatives,escape from routine,
from family, and neighbors,

● 4. Status and prestige motivators - concern ego needs and personal development.This group includes trips
related to business conventions, study, and pursuit of hobbies and education. Travel would enhance one's
recognition and good reputation.

 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation and Travel Motivations

1. Physiological Needs – hunger, thirst, rest, activity

2. Safety Needs – safety and security,freedom from fear and anxiety

3. Social Needs – love, affection, giving and receiving

4. Self-esteem – self-respect and esteem from others

5. Self-actualization – personal self-fulfillment

 Classification of Travelers based on Personality

Psychocentrics
• Consistency is at the highest level
• They want everything organized and planned ahead of time
• They want to be prepared
• are generally non-adventurous and inhibited

Allocentrics
• are adventurous, curious, and have a
strong desire for new experiences.
• Opposite of psychocentrics
• They want new adventures
• Want risky activities

Midcentrics
• Consistency
• Complexity
(mid range between Allocentrics and psychocentrics.)
Lecture 2: The Sociology of Tourism

• The Rise of the New Travel Patterns

1. Travel Clubs
The most significant development in group travel consists of travel clubs. A very good example of this is the
club Mediterranee, which started in Western Europe and then spread to North America and other world
areas.

2. Airline Group and Arrangement

Another development in group trouble is the introduction of different types of fares promoted by airlines.
These are the following:

1. Groups of 15 or more are given reduced fares.;

2. Charter service is given by some airlines to affinity groups which are intended for those affiliated to a
legitimate group for six months or longer;

3. The public charter in which an entire plane is made available to a group of persons who travel to the
same destination;

4. Incentive tours which are given by firms to employees as a reward for a special flight. Special
achievement or as a motivation for achievement.

3. Special Interest Tour

Special interest group travel is becoming more popular at present, these tours are arranged for those
interested in a particular activity such as bird watching, festivals, fishing, hunting, scuba diving,
photography, flower arrangement, golf,skiing and mountain climbing.

 The preferences of the international tourist

Dependence Versus Autonomy

There is the emergence of a group of tourists who would like to acquire a sense of personal autonomy
regarding their leisure time. They would like to travel on their own and not part of a group.

Order Versus Disorder

Informality in behavior, a greater tolerance toward the differences of others, and freedom from
institutionalized regulations are now the characteristics of the modern traveler.

 The types of tourist roles

THE ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST

This is the least adventurous. He buys a package tour with the trip itinerary that is fixed in advance and
his stops are well-prepared and guided. He prefers a familiar environment rather than a new environment.

THE INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST

This tourist has a certain degree of control over his time and itinerary and is not bound to a group. All the
major tour arrangements are made through a travel agency. Familiarity is still dominant, but less than the
organized mass tourist.
THE EXPLORER
This tourist arranges his trip all by himself while associating with the people and speaking their language.
The explorer dares to leave his country much more than the previous two types, but goes back to it when
the experience becomes too rough and does not adopt completely the lifestyle of the host country. Still
retains some of the basic practices and comforts of his native way of life.

THE DRIFTER
The drifter goes the farthest away from the accustomed ways of life of his own country. He tries to live the
way the people he visits live and to share their shelter, food, and habits. Novelty is at its highest;
familiarity disappears almost completely.

• Social Tourism
→ It is a subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the government, employer, or labor union
to achieve social goals and purposes.

→ Voluntary associations in the field of social tourism worked to obtain reduced fares and to create a
network of holiday centers for tourists of limited means.

→ The International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS) was founded in Brussels in 1963 to encourage
the development of social tourism on an international scale. It promotes tourism by studying issues such
as youth and senior citizen travel, the staggering of holidays,camping and caravanning, building and
financing moderate-cost tourist facilities, and the preservation of local culture and
environment.

→ In the United States, more than 100 different major programs of the federal government provide for
recreation, tourism, travel, and environmental conservation.
Lecture 3: Tourism and Culture

• The cultural factors with tourist appeal

In tourism, there are cultural factors that appeal

greatly to tourists. These are :
• art,
• music and dance,
• handicraft,
• industry and business,
• agriculture,
• education,
• literature and language,
• science,
• government,
• religion,
• food and drink, and
• history.

Art
→ The Fine Arts includes painting, sculpture,graphic arts, and architecture. Amorsolo’s and Francisco’s
paintings and the sculptural works of Michelangelo are examples of fine arts.

→ The Performing Arts refers to live theater, music, and dance such as the Pangkat Kawayan
(bamboo orchestra) and the rondalla group.

Music and Dance

→ Music is a source of enjoyment and satisfaction to tourists. Resort hotels give enjoyable treats of the
best local music. Others offer evening entertainment programs, concerts, recordings, and sound
reproduction systems. Records and tape recordings also show the culture of a country.

→ Dancing, native or ethnic, is one of the most appealing aspects of a country’s culture and can be
presented as a tourist attraction.

→ Ethnic music and dancing are a part of the culture of most countries and are used to entertain tourists.
The best place for such entertainment are resort hotels with added local shows, nightclubs, and
community programs.

Handicraft
→ Gifts and souvenirs for sale are manufactured in the country where the purchase is made. The locally-
produced articles are useful and attractive which are then sold in conveniently located shops. A visit to
handicraft shops to avail of the goods made by these craftsmen is an effective form of tourist entertainment.
Industry and Business
→ Industry tours are an effective way of developing an interest in one's culture and in providing a
potential market for the products being made.

→ Business or industrial groups conduct tours to become familiar with the markets and processors in other
countries to develop more interest in their products and to increase sales in their areas.

→ Shopping is one of the most important elements in tourism. The success of a shopping area depends on
its cleanliness, attractiveness, variety of products, as well as the courtesy and efficiency of the
personnel.

Agriculture
→ Dairy undertakings, fresh fruits and vegetables, crops, and poultry and livestock are types of farming
important to culture. This includes local tours of agricultural developments and services.

Education
→ School campuses are appealing to tourists. Some will conduct adult education programs within the
university’s continuing education service. These opportunities

Literature and Language

→ Books, magazines, newspapers, booklets, pamphlets, and other printed literary works are significant
expressions of the culture of a country. Libraries are favorite cultural institutions for the tourists. Science

→ Tourist organizations provide facilities for the exchange of scientific information, scientific installations,
and other activities which provide scientific information to visitors.

Government
Visits to centers of government, such as capitals, are very motivating to individuals interested in political
science and government.

Religion
Many people go to the different headquarters of their church organizations and to places that are well-known
in their religious literature.

Food and Drink

Tourists enjoy native food especially those local or ethnic in nature. The type of restaurants with
conducive atmosphere is particularly appealing to visitors.

History
The resources of a country reveal its cultural heritage. The preservation of history, the quality and
management of museums are important. Tourists should be provided with the points of interest,
admission fees, hours of operation, special events, and other information they need to visit historical
attractions.
Lecture 4: Transportation Sector

• Travel by train
Train stimulated travel within the United States, Canada, and Europe in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. The first transcontinental route in the United States was completed in 1869.

In 1863, long-distance rail travel was boosted when George M. Pullman built the Pullman Coach, a luxury
first-class sleeping and dining facility. The train’s popularity lasted only for a brief period after World War
II, when the automobile began to gain more popularity as a passenger transportation mode.

To save the railroad industry, the rail passenger service act became law in October 1970. The act created
the national railroad passenger corporation, now commonly known as AMTRAK.

Canada’s Equivalent of Amtrak is VIA RAIL Canada which was created in 1977.
travelers favored the train for
the following reasons:
● safety,
● ability to look out of the train and see the interesting things and roads
● ability to get up and walk around
● arriving at the destination rested and relaxed
● personal comfort

While the negative factors are:

● slowness in reaching the destination
● inflexible departure times
● because in some cases no trains are untimed.
● Lack of quality in food services

The first sensational rail accomplishment after World War II was Japan's shinkansen, or bullet trains.

France, on the other hand, has its Tres Grande Vitesse.The Trans Siberian Railroad in Russia is the
longest in the world that links outlined Siberian industrial regions and mining centers with European Russia.

 TRAVEL BY SHIP

Ocean liners were used to provide an important link to passengers among continents. At present, water
transport has two major roles in travel and tourism --- ferrying and cruising. In the 1960s, the era of travel
by ships expired, and cruise ships took the place of regularly scheduled passenger ships. Jet aircraft led to
the rapid decline in the ships as a scheduled passenger transportation mode. In the late 1990s, the era of
travel by ships expired. Many passenger ships were converted into cruise ships.

• Ferrying - purely transporting the passenger from one port to another

• Cruising - transporting our passenger, the main purpose while they are on the ship is for them to have fun
and recreation.
Cruises are divided into three types depending on the duration of the trips.

• Short cruises are one week or less,

• intermediate long cruises last one to four weeks

• long cruises go around the world and take one to three months.
CRUISE SHIP Positive

● Short-duration cruises are more popular because they require less vacation time and are less expensive.

● Travelers can satisfy their desire to experience new environments and see new cultures and still bring
with them the comfort, safety, and convenience of home.

● No more changing of hotels, airports, and food and beds which may cause sleeplessness and other
problems.

● Provides entertainment which includes charm classes, language lessons, dance classes, bridge, table
tennis, aerobics, jogging, and shuffleboard.

● Cruising combines fresh air, plenty of good food, a variety of activities, and visits to exotic places.

• The typical ship was built to carry 850 to 1250 passengers but now a new ship's average capacity is 2000
passengers. The large cruise ships offer a wide array of services and amenities to guests most of which are
packaged into the cruise.

• Accommodations on board vary from rooms for three to four persons to lavish staterooms. The rooms are
air-conditioned and have private baths.

A cruise ship is both a floating hotel and a resort because the guests are housed, fed, and entertained
inside a hotel.

• Food is offered throughout the day, from seven-course meals to them event dinners. Cruise ships also
provide almost continuous entertainment. Cruises are promoted and sold based on health, recreation, and
pleasure.

• The United States dominates the international cruise market. In contrast, European companies mostly
own the cruise industry.

• The Caribbean is the world's largest cruise destination , and most of the cruisers really go to the
Caribbean.

• Cruises are announced several months before the departure and are also sold mostly by travel agents as
packages.

 TRAVEL BY AUTOMOBILE
The real inventor of the automobile was Carl Benz of Manhattan,Germany.

• Then came Henry Ford in 1908, who produced his Model T car built with an assembly technique for mass
production.

• The automobile brought a more random pattern of travel movements, opened up a new destination, and
hastened the development of elaborate networks of automobile-oriented facilities and services along
highways and roads.

• The automobile is the most popular mode of vacation travel because it provides travelers greater
freedom in choosing the route, destination, and timing of the journey. The growth factor of car ownership
necessitated road improvements.
 CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY

• The automobile stimulated the tourism by creating attractions along tourist routes made accessible by
automobile. The automobiles growth has been the car rental markets growth in the 1960s and 1970s.

• Two important aspects of automobile travel. These are recreational vehicles and car rental activities.

• Recreational vehicles are usually known as RVs - these are cars that are converted into home facilities
because when people go camping, they are going to just bring their recreational vehicles and then they will
just sleep there overnight.

• Car rentals - the car rental industry over the past 20 years is highly competitive. The industry's growth in
the late 1960s and early 1970s can be attributed to the introduction of the fly-or-drive concept. So it
encouraged travelers not to drive their personal car to their destination, but to travel by plane and rent a car
on arrival.

 TRAVEL BY BUS/MOTOR COACH

● The main reasons for selecting bus travel are convenience and economy.

● Charter and tour service is the fastest-growing segment of the bus or motor coach industry.

● Tour packages are made for charter buses including all the other components such as the itinerary,
lodging, sightseeing, admission, tour guides, meals, and the like.

 TRAVEL BY AIR

• The airplane had a revolutionary impact on tourism from World War II onward

• Almost all early airlines started by carrying mail for the post office. World War War II influenced air
travel development by accelerating technological research to improve their size and speed and using the
knowledge gained by thousands of service members who became familiar with planes and air travel.

• The cost-effectiveness of air travel aided the airline industry's growth during the post-world War II years.

• Food service on large planes is speeded by the use of modules similar to cargo modules. The factors
associated with the recent boom in air travel include the world economy, the rising standard of living, and
air service quality.

• The introduction of charter services further pushed down the prices of airfares, and charter services are an
alternative to regularly scheduled services. While the airline ticket price decreased, the quality of service
regarding speed, size and comfort improved.

AIRLINE REGULATION

1. First Freedom: The right of an

airline to overfly one country to get
to another;

2. Second Freedom: The right of an

airline to land in another country for
a technical stopover (fuel,
maintenance, etc.) but does not pick
up or drop off traffic;
3. Third Freedom: The right of an
airline, registered in country X, to
drop off traffic from country X to
country Y;

4. Fourth Freedom: The right of an

airline, registered in country X, to
carry traffic back to country X from
country Y;

5. Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline,

registered in country X, to collect
traffic in country Y and fly on to
country Z, so long as the flight either
originates or terminates in country X;

6. Sixth Freedom: The right of an

airline, registered in country X, to
carry traffic to a gateway—a point in
country X—and then abroad. The
traffic has neither its origin nor
ultimate destination in country X;

7. Seventh Freedom: The right of an

airline, registered in country X, to
operate entirely outside of country X in
carrying traffic between two other
countries; and

8. Eight Freedom: The right of an airline,

registered in country X, to carry traffic
between any two points in the same
foreign country; also known as
“cabotage”.
AIRLINE DEREGULATION

Deregulation is a critical factor affecting airline operations. It has three phases:

1. growth in original carriers to add more profitable medium whole routes and phase out unprofitable routes
2. Establishment of new low cost carriers.
3. Developed aggressive competitive strategies in the form of low fares, better services, and efficient
operations to match the lower cost of the new carriers.

Lecture 5: Accommodation

• Different types of accommodation

1. Hotel
2. Motels or Motor Hotels
3. Resort Hotels
4. Pensions
5. Paradors
6. Condominium Hotels
7. Campgrounds
8. Bed and Breakfast
9. Tourist Inns
10. Apartment-Hotels (Apartels)
11. Health Spas
12. Private Homes
13. Time-Sharing
14. Hostels

Hotel -largest form of accommodation - differ from the type of operation and the type of market
 budget hotels,
 economy hotels,
 standard hotels,
 deluxe hotels
 business hotels,
 commercial hotels
• different types of hotels based on their Location
- also rated as star by star depending on the hotel.

Motels or Motor Hotels

• Motor hotels are usually located along the highway,and they cater to motorists.
• motor hotels only offer beds and parking areas for motorists.

Resort Hotels
• most of their guests are there for recreation and leisure purposes
• do not just only located along the beach, inland resort hotels
• located also inside the city
• casinos, swimming pools, gyms and
parks.

Pensions or Pension Hotels

• family type of accommodation where in old houses are converted into pension houses.

Paradors
• usually found in Spain or in Europe.
• old castles that the government converts into a hotel accommodations.
Condominium Hotels
• Condominium hotels are condos.
• usually owned by individuals but managed by a company.
• Each person who owns a condo may just pay a company that will manage his condominium or condo unit
• The specific management company is going to sell the condominium unit as an accommodation property.

Campgrounds
• common in the US and the Philippines
• people are now doing camping mountaineering and bringing their tents and will build their camping
accommodations around the campground.
• camping itself, the tent itself is considered a camping accommodation
• Recreational Vehicles (RVs) or recreational vehicles as part of their accommodation property.

Bed and Breakfast

• called as bed and breakfast because they provide bed and breakfast on the other day.
• included in the amount that you're going to pay for the rate of your accommodation.
• called as bed and breakfast because it includes your accommodation overnight stay plus your breakfast in
the morning in the kitchen

Tourist Inns
• tourist ins are a low budget type of accommodation. Usually, they just provide bed for the guests.

Apartment hotels
• an apartment type of accommodation where in there is a kitchen, there is a bed, and guests can usually
cook their meals there
• kind of catered to the market who stays longer in a vacation

Health Spas
• usually cater to guests who visit the health spa for a massage or relaxation
• health spas are in a different building or a different facility or property

Private Homes
• considered as an accommodation
• because private homes allow accommodating guests like their friends or their online friends and then they
invite them to visit.

Time Sharing
• called time sharing because any property you are going to share the period or time of occupying the
property and share with the fee.
• Example: if it is a resort time sharing, one guest will pay for January to June accommodation and another
guest will pay for the July to December accommodation.

Hostels
• typically offer services to budget type of guests, usually students.
• dormitory type of accommodation and guests are bringing their own bedding.
• ORpD, ORpW, DOR, ARpRO, AGpRO

1. Room Occupancy (per day) - It is obtained by dividing the number of

rooms occupied by guests on any night by the number of rooms in the hotel
and by multiplying the result by 100 to determine the occupancy on a
percentage basis. For instance, if you have a 125-room hotel has 75 rooms
occupied on a particular night, its occupancy will be:

2. Room Occupancy (per week) – Occupancy can also be determined for a

week, a month, a year, or any other period of time. In this case the
numerator is the number of rooms occupied for the period and the
denominator is the number of rooms available during that period. The
number of rooms in the hotel times the number of days in the period.
For example, if you want to know the occupancy for a week in a 125-room
hotel in which 463 rooms were occupied during that week the occupancy
percentage will be:

3. Double Occupancy Rooms - The double occupancy rate is the

number of room occupied more than one person. It can be
determined by dividing the number of guests accommodated during a
certain period by the total number of guest rooms during that same
period.
For example, if you have 713 guests occupying 463 rooms during a
week, double occupancy is:

The 1.54 double occupancy ratio means 54% of the rooms were double occupied

4. Average Rate per Room Occupied – The average rate will increase
if more expensive rooms are sold If more rooms are double or triple
occupied. The average room rate is obtained by dividing the revenue
for a period by the number of rooms occupied during that period.
For example, if a hotel had 463 rooms occupied during that week
and a room revenue is $37,640 for that week, the average room rate is:

5. Average Daily Rate per Guest – Another useful statistic is the

average daily rate per guest. This is obtained by dividing the total
room revenue for a period by the total number of guests
accommodated during that period.
For instance, if the total revenue for the week was $65,529 for a hotel occupied by 1050 guests, then
the average daily rate per guest for a week is:

Average Length of Stay - To maximize revenue and increase room occupancy in hotels. Try to increase
customers’ length of stay through advertising and other marketing methods.
6. Break Even Point - (Hindi lugi pero hindi rin kumita)

For example, if the fixed cost of a 125-room hotel is $1,950,000 for a year, its average
room rate is $80 and the variable cost per room occupied is $20, its break-even point will be

Fixed costs- are those that stay the same regardless of the volume of business

Examples: management salaries, interest, depreciation, insurance, property taxes, mortgage payments
amortization, and physical plant maintenance.

Contribution Margin - is defined as the average room less the variable cost of having a room occupied.

Variable costs - are those that change according to the number of guests in a hotel

Examples: maid wages, linen, laundry, and supply