 Learning is defined as any relatively

permanent change in behavior that

occurs as a result of experience.
 Conditioning is the association between
environmental stimuli and the organism’s
responses
 There are three types of learning
theories. These theories are

 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

 OPERANT CONDITIONING

 SOCIAL LEARNING
 Ivan Pavlov-
Russian Physiologist
 A neutral stimulus
brings about a
response by
association with a
stimulus that
already brings
about a similar
response.
 Unconditioned Stimulus
(US)
› Elicits a response
automatically
Ex. Food
 Unconditioned
Response (UR)
› The reflexive response to
a stimulus-automatically
produced
Ex. Salivation
 Learning occurs when pair neutral
stimulus with an unconditional stimulus.
 Neutral : does not yet produce automatic
response
 Conditioned Stimulus
(CS): Was neutral , now
elicits conditioned
response after being
paired with an
unconditioned stimulus
 Conditioned Response
(CR): A response
elicited by the
conditioned stimulus
› Occurs after the CS is
associated with the US
 Closely associated with classical
conditioning as a vehicle for learning
new behaviors are the phenomenon of:
 Extinction
 Spontaneous recovery
 Stimulus generalization and
 Stimulus discrimination
 The process by which a response
becomes more or less likely to occur
depending on its consequences.
Consequences of
Behavior:

Reinforcement:
Strengthens the
response or makes it
more likely to recur

Punishment: Weakens a
response or makes it
less likely to recur
Types of Reinforcement:

Positive Reinforcement: When

a pleasant consequence
follows a response, making
a response more likely to
recur
Negative Reinforcement:
When a unpleasant
consequence is removed
following a response,
making a response more
likely to recur
Types Of Punishment:

Positive Punishment: When

a unpleasant
consequence follows a
response, making a
response less likely to
recur
Negative Punishment:
When a pleasant
consequence is
removed following a
response, making a
response less likely to
recur
 Observational Learning:
When some one uses
observation of a model’s
actions and the
consequences of those
actions to guide their future
actions.
Example: Learning how to
swing a cricket bat after
watching the players on
TV, Cooking recipes videos
on YouTube, learning new
feature on Phone after
watching your friend use
it….
Psychologist Albert Bandura
has done extensive
research on Observational
learning. His findings have
led him to the development
of the Social Learning
Theory
Social Learning Theory:
Emphasizes the importance
of the Environment or
‘Social Context’ in which
learning occurs
 Adds a social element to the traditional
learning theory.
 Learning from others (behaviours,
attitudes, reactions….)
 Importance of observation and
modelling
 Has recently been renamed as “Social
Cognitive Theory”
 Most well known for the “Bobo Doll
Experiment”
 Behavior modification is a treatment approach,
based on the principles of operant conditioning,
that replaces undesirable behaviors with more
desirable ones through positive or
negative reinforcement.
 Skinner considered his concept applicable to a
wide range of both human and animal behaviors.
 Behavior modification was developed from these
theories because they supported the idea that just
as behaviors can be learned, they also can be
unlearned. As a result, many different techniques
were developed to either assist in eliciting a
behavior or stopping it. This is how behavior
modification was formed.
 Parents use this to teach their
children right from wrong ,
 Therapists use it to promote
healthy behaviors in their
patients,
 Animal trainers use it to
develop obedience between
a pet and its owner,
 We even use it in our
relationships with friends and
significant others. Our
responses to them teach them
what we like and what we
don't.
 The purpose behind behavior modification is not to
understand why or how a particular behavior started.
Instead, it only focuses on changing the behavior, and
there are various different methods used to accomplish it.
This includes:
 Positive reinforcement is pairing a positive stimulus to a
behavior.
 Negative reinforcement is removal of a negative stimulus.
 Punishment is designed to weaken behaviors by pairing an
unpleasant stimulus to a behavior.
 Flooding involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects
or situations intensely and rapidly.
 Systematic desensitization is used to treat phobias. It
teaches to stay clam while focusing on fears.
 Aversion therapy is pairing of an unpleasant stimulus to an
unwanted behavior to eliminate that behavior.
 Extinction is removal of all reinforcement associated with a
behavior.
 The O.B. Mod has been found to have a significant
positive effect on task performance globally with
performance on average increasing 17%.
 A study that examined the differential effects of incentive
motivators administered with the O.B. Mod on job
performance found that using money as a reinforcer with
O.B. Mod was more successful at increasing performance
compared to routine pay for performance (i.e., money
administered on performance not using O.B. Mod).
 The authors also found that using money administered
through the O.B. Mod produced stronger effects (37%
performance increase), compared to social recognition
(24% performance increase) and performance feedback
(20% performance increase)