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Lecture
Outline
Prepared by
Andrea D. Leonard
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Introduction
•Nucleic acids are unbranched polymers composed
of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
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Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Introduction
•DNA molecules contain several million nucleotides,
while RNA molecules have only a few thousand.
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Nucleosides
Joining a Monosaccharide and a Base
•The N-containing base is one of 5 types.
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Nucleosides
Joining a Monosaccharide and a Base
•Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are based on the
structure of purine.
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Nucleosides
Joining a Monosaccharide and a Base
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Nucleosides
Joining a Monosaccharide and a Base
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Nucleotides
Joining a Nucleoside with a Phosphate
•Nucleotides are formed by adding a phosphate
group to the 5′-OH of a nucleoside.
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Nucleotides
Joining a Nucleoside with a Phosphate
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Nucleotides
Joining a Nucleoside with a Phosphate
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Nucleotides
Joining a Nucleoside with a Phosphate
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Nucleic Acids
•Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of
nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages.
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
•This polynucleotide
would be named CATG,
reading from the 5’ end
to the 3’ end.
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The DNA Double Helix
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The DNA Double Helix
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The DNA Double Helix
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Replication
•The original DNA molecule forms two new DNA
molecules, each of which contains a strand from
the parent DNA and one new strand.
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Replication
Before Replication
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Replication
Formation of Replication Fork
•A replication fork
forms as the two
strands split apart.
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Replication
Synthesis of Lagging Strand
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Replication
Final Product
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Replication
•The identity of the bases on the template strand
determines the order of the bases on the new
strand.
•A must pair with T, and G must pair with C.
•A new phosphodiester bond is formed between the
5’-phosphate of the nucleoside triphosphate and
the 3’-OH group of the new DNA strand.
•Replication occurs in only one direction on the
template strand, from the 3’ end to the 5’ end.
•The new strand is either a leading strand, growing
continuously, or a lagging strand, growing in
small fragments.
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RNA
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RNA
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Transcription
•Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA.
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The Genetic Code
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Translation and Protein Synthesis
mRNA tRNA
Amino Acid
Codon Anticodon
ACA UGU threonine
GCG CGC alanine
AGA UCU arginine
UCC AGG serine
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Translation and Protein Synthesis
Elongation
•Elongation proceeds as the next tRNA molecule
delivers the next amino acid, and a peptide bond
forms between the two amino acids.
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Translation and Protein Synthesis
Termination
•Translation continues until a stop codon (UAA,
UAG, or UGA) is reached, which is called
termination; the completed protein is released.
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Translation and Protein Synthesis
DNA informational
strand: ATG TTG GGA GCC GGA TCA
5’end 3’end
DNA template
strand: TAC AAC CCT CGG CCT AGT
3’end 5’end
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Mutations and Genetic Disease
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Mutations and Genetic Disease
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Mutations and Genetic Disease
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Mutations and Genetic Disease
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Recombinant DNA
General Principles
•Recombinant DNA is synthetic DNA that contains
segments from more than one source.
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Recombinant DNA
General Principles
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Recombinant DNA
General Principles
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Recombinant DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
•Four elements are needed to amplify DNA by PCR:
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Recombinant DNA
HOW TO Use the Polymerase Chain Reaction to
Amplify a Sample of DNA
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Recombinant DNA
HOW TO Use the Polymerase Chain Reaction to
Amplify a Sample of DNA
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Recombinant DNA
HOW TO Use the Polymerase Chain Reaction to
Amplify a Sample of DNA
Step [2]
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Recombinant DNA
HOW TO Use the Polymerase Chain Reaction to
Amplify a Sample of DNA
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Focus on the Human Body
DNA Fingerprinting
•DNA fragments can be visualized on X-ray film
after they have been separated:
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Focus on Health & Medicine
Viruses
•A virus is an infectious agent consisting of a DNA
or RNA molecule that is contained within a
protein coating.
•It is incapable of replicating alone, so it invades
a host organism and makes the host replicate the
virus.
•Many prevalent diseases like the common cold,
influenza, and herpes are viral in origin.
•A vaccine is an inactive form of a virus that causes
a person’s immune system to produce antibodies
to the virus to ward off infection.
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Focus on Health & Medicine
Viruses
•A virus with an RNA core is called a retrovirus.
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Focus on Health & Medicine
Viruses
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Focus on Health & Medicine
Viruses
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