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Basic Concepts of Hematology Malignancies: Dr. Norman Djamaludin, SPPD, K-Hom, Finasim
Basic Concepts of Hematology Malignancies: Dr. Norman Djamaludin, SPPD, K-Hom, Finasim
HEMATOLOGY MALIGNANCIES
• Multipotent
– Progeny can become any
Asymmetrical Division
myeloid or lymphoid cell
• Asymmetrical division
– Ensures both functions of
self-renewal and
differentiation can occur
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
Lymphoid
Lineages
Myeloid
• cells are defined by lineage and stage of maturation/differentiation
• regulated by signaling pathways and transcription factors
• role of proliferation
• cell “identity” may be determined using morphology, immunophenotyping and
molecular/genetic studies
Hematological Malignancies
Clonal expansions of neoplastic cells derived from, or resembling,
normal hematological cells.
In general, leukemias and lymphomas are classified according to
the stage of normal hematopoiesis at which their neoplastic cells
appear to be blocked.
Most hematological malignancies are either:
1) leukemias, or;
2) lymphomas.
Leukemia
Neoplasm derived from lymphoid or myeloid cells primarily
affecting the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
• Maturation blockade
• These immature cells (blasts) tend to expand,
accumulate and suppress normal
haematopoiesis leading to bone marrow failure
• Bone marrow failure : anemia, leucopenia and
thrombocitopenia
Basic Pathogenesis of
Chronic Leukemia
• Ineffective apoptosis
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
ALL CLL
Lymphoid
Myeloid
AML CML
B lineages lymphopoesis
Lymphoid
Lineages
Myeloid
B-Lineage Lymphopoiesis
Morphology / Immunophenotyping / Molecular Studies
“Blasts” Immunophenotype
B-lineage +
T-lineage -
Myeloid -
Exercise in Immunophenotyping
CD19
TdT
CD10
CD34
Ig
AML CML
55 year old male with petechiae and pancytopenia. Bone
marrow aspirate with >30% of cells like those below.
MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS ?
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
RATIONALE FOR DX ?
Large blasts, big nucleoli, granular cytoplasm and Auer rod
OTHER POSSIBILITIES ?
NONE!
If > 20% blasts in marrow and/or blood then Acute Leukemia
If one or more Auer rods then AML
ANY NEED FOR ADDITIONAL TESTS ?
YES!
Cytochemical stains and, possibly, flow cytometry to establish French-American-
British (FAB) subclassification
Cytogenetics (traditional, FISH) and, possibly, PCR diagnostics to detect
abnormalities that confirm subclassification (e.g. t(15,17) translocation in acute
promyelocytic leukemia, AML,M3) or alter prognosis/treatment (e.g. t(8;21) a/w
with better outcome than t(9;22) when treated using standard therapies)
END
Leukemia
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
Lymphoid
Myeloid
AML
16 y.o. presents with difficulty breathing, pallor, bruising and
mediastinal mass on chest X-ray. The patient is pancytopenic. The
BMA contains many abnormal cells.
MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS ?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
RATIONALE FOR DX ?
Most blasts are small with agranular cytoplasm and indistinct nucleoli
Age (ALL >AML in children and adolescents)
Mediastinal mass (suggests thymic/lymph node involvement, most
commonly seen in precursor T-cell malignancies)
CONFIRMATORY TESTS ?
Flow cytometry: rule-out unlikely possibility of myeloid neoplasm; distinguish
precursor-T, precursor-B and B-cell neoplasms
WHY GROUP LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS ?
Neoplasms that consist of lymphoblasts are all aggressive diseases whether they
present with bone marrow/peripheral blood involvement (leukemic picture) or lymph
node/thymic/extra-nodal tissue infiltrates (lymphoma picture) initially
Derived from neoplastic transformation of closely related or identical normal cells
Lymphoblastic malignancies that present as “leukemias” frequently develop
“lymphomatous” tissue infiltrates; the converse applies to lymphoblastic lymphomas
END
Leukemia
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
ALL
Lymphoid
Myeloid
60 y.o. man with splenomegaly and the peripheral smear
shown below
DESCRIBE THE LEUKOCYTE PICTURE IN THE BLOOD SMEAR ?
Marked “left-shift” in the myeloid series with myeloid precursors
(myelocytes, metamyelocytes and bands but no blasts)
USEFUL LABORATORY PROCEDURES?
Leukocyte-Alkaline-Phosphastase (LAP-score) on leukocytes:
elevated in “leukemoid reactions”
Cytogenetic, molecular diagnostics looking for the Ph1
chromosome or bcr-c-abl transgene: confirm diagnosis of
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
WHAT IS THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS WITH THIS SMEAR AND A
WHITE COUNT > 100,000 mm3?
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic phase
WHAT IS THE USUAL CLINICAL COURSE IF UNTREATED?
Blast count increases with development of an “accelerated phase” (when blast
count > 10% of nucleated cells) and a “blast crisis” (when blast count > 20%)
within months to several years. Since this is a “stem cell” neoplasm, the blast
transformation can develop in any lineage.
END
Leukemia
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
Lymphoid
Myeloid
CML
The patient presents with an enlarged spleen and diffuse
lymphadenopathy. The peripheral blood smear is shown below.
MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS ?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma most likely but the
leukemic phase of other lymphomas and a reactive lymphocytosis must be considered
as well; small nuclei and clumped chromatin rule-out an acute leukemia
CONFIRMATORY TESTS?
Flow cytometry on blood specimen can distinguish reactive hyperplasia
(polyclonal) from lymphoid leukemias/lymphomas (monoclonal) and
usually distinguish CLL/SLL from other lymphomas
If flow cytometry cannot confirm CLL/SLL then biopsy of an involved
lymphoid organ may be required for a definitive diagnosis
END
Leukemia
Stages of Maturation/Differentiation
Lymphoid
CLL
Myeloid
LEUKEMIA LIMFOBLASTIK
AKUT
• LLA: Keganasan klonal sel prekursor limfoid
• Keganasan paling banyak pada anak
• Amerika serikat : 5.000 kasus pertahun
• 75% pada usia <15 th, puncak pada 2-9 th
• Lebih banyak pada pria
Etiologi
• Leukostasis
• Neutropenia disertai demam/infeksi
• Trombositopenia
• DIC
• Sindroma lisis tumor
• Obstruksi jalan nafas
• Tamponade jantung
• Manifestasi SSP
• Ocular involvement
• Spinal cord compression
Gambaran Laboratorium
Terapi
• Pada early stage tindakan terbaik wait and see, pada
penelitian pengobatan dengan chlorambucil tidak
merubah outcome
• Indikasi untuk memulai terapi :
1.Gejala klinis seperti demam,keringat malam,pe↓
berat badan,
2.Keterlibatan sumsum tulang dengan anemia dan
trombositopenia progresif dengan splenomegali
masif
3. Limfadenopaty bulky
4.Anemia hemolitik autoimun dan trombositopenia
5.Infeksi bakterial berulang
6.Limfositosis yang me ↑ cepat
Staging
Rai Lymphos Lymph Spleen/ Hb<11 Platelet < Survival
itosis Node liver gr/dl 100 x 109/L years
Enlarge enlarge
ment ment
0 Yes No No No No > 13
I Yes Yes No No No 8
II Yes ± Yes No No 6
III Yes ± ± Yes No 4
IV Yes ± ± ± Yes 2
Binet Lymphosit Lymph Hb < 11 Platelet Survival
osis node gr/dl < 100 x years
areas 109/L
A N/A <3 No No 12
B ≥3 No No 5
C ± Yes Yes 2
• Rekomendasi
• Fludarabine based regimen baik sendiri atau dengan
rituximibarth atau tanpa cyclophosphamide. Dosis
fludarabine 25 mg/m2 IV tiap hari selama 5 hari setiap
28 hari maks 6 siklus.
• Profilaksis penggunaan cotrimoxazol selama terapi dan
2 bulan setelahnya bagi pasien resiko tinggi
• Chlorambucil atau terapi lain kombinasi seperti CHOP
atau CAP tidak digunakan kecuali jika fludarabine tidak
terdapat atau tidak tersedia
PATOFISIOLOGI
- KarakteristikProliferasi & akumulasi klon sel plasma.
- Kelainan kromososm paling sering melibatkan lokus rantai
berat dari kromosom 14. Bisa juga kelainan pd kromosom
13 prognosis buruk.
- Gambaran klinis penyKrn infiltrasi klon ganas tsb pd
sumsum tulangsekresi faktor pengaktivasi osteoklas &
sitokin, Ig yg beredar di sirkulasi ↑imunitas ↓.
DIAGNOSIS DAN GAMBARAN KLINIS
PEMERIKSAAN :
Anamnesis, PF, darah rutin, elektrolit serum, ureum, kreatinin,
kalsium, magnesium, fosfor, asam urat, β2 mikroglobulin,
LDH, serum protein elektroforesa (SPEP) dg imunofiksasi &
kuantisasi Ig, elektroforesis protein urin, bone survey, BMP,
MRI spine.
KRITERIA DIAGNOSTIK
DD/:
- MGUS (Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance).
- Amiloidosis primer
- Metastasis Ca
TERAPI
Regimen th/Melphalan+prednison (MP),
Vincristin+adriamycin+deksametason (VAD), kemoterapi
dosis tinggi +transplantasi sel stem autologus, interferon α,
Thalidomide, Bortezomib, Pamidronate, asam zolendronat.
Radiasi
Terapi bedah vertebroplasti dan kifoplasti jk tjd kolaps vert.
PERHATIAN KHUSUS
Stage keterangan
I Pembesaran KGB hanya 1 regio atau 1 organ
ekstralimfatik saja (IE)
II Pembesaran KGB pada 2 regio atau lebih tetapi
masih satu sisi diafragma dan 1 organ ekstralimfatik
batas tegas (IIE)
III Pembesaran KGB di kedua sisi diafragma
Ada organ ekstralimfatik (IIIE), spleen (IIIS),
keduanya (IIIES)
IV Mengenai 1 organ ekstralimfatik / lebih bersifat
difuse
Prognosis
Indeks Prognosis Internasional
Umur ≤ 60 th = 0, > 60 th = 1
Staging tumor (Ann Arbor I / II = 0, III / IV = 1
LDH serum Normal = 0, meningkat = 1
ECOG performa status Tanpa gejala / bergejala, ambulatori (1) = 0
“Beddridden” = 1
Ekstranodal ≤ 1 lokasi = 0, > 1 lokasi = 1
• Imaging :
– Intracranial hemorrhage.
– Infiltrat pada paru (CT).
– Thickened nerve sheets (MRI).
Platelet Platelet
White Cell Red Cell Red Cell Blasts
White Cell
Blast cell
CML
CP AP BP
Blast di drh <15% >15-30% >30%
Blast di sutul <20% >20-50% >50%
Basophils <20% >20%
Karyotipe Ph+ Second Ph+ 7q,t(15,17)
NAP Low Low normal
Marrow fibrosis + +
Sitopenia +
Prognosis jelek :
- Hitung leukosit >100.000/mm2
- Splenomegali >>> dan gejala konstitusional >>
- hitung basophil ↑
- Pasien ras afrika
Gambar khromosom philadelpia
Treatment
• Kemoterapi pd fase kronik dan akselerasi
hidroksiurea, atau arabinosa, busulfan,
anthracyclines
• Untuk induksi remisi combinasi kemoterapi
secara de novo = ALL atau AML
• Nonkemoterapi Interferon alfa, imatinib
mesylate (gleevec)
• Transpantasi sum-sum tulang
KASUS 1
Tn. H, 51 th, dtg dg KU nyeri pinggang bertambah hebat sejak 2 hari
SMRS. Nyeri dada (+).
LABORATORIUM:
• Hb: 11,3 g/dl
• Protein total: 9,2 g/dl
• Albumin: 2,2 g/dl
• Globulin: 7,0 g/dl
• Kalsium: 8,1 mg/dl
• Phospor: 3,8 mg/dl
BONE SURVEY
ELEKTROFORESIS PROTEIN URIN
Kasus 2
• Tn. M.A.R / 17tahun / ♂
• KU : benjolan di leher kiri sejak 1 bulan
RPP : 1 bln benjolan di leher, lemas, demam tinggi, tidak
napsu makan
• PF : vital sign : dbn
leher : KGB leher kanan 6 buah sebesar kacang
hijau,nyeri (-), warna sama dengan sekitar kulit
• Lab : Hb 7,6, leukosit 17.900, trombosit 12.000
MCH 31, MCV 91, asam urat 10.1, LDH
2419, Na/K 154/5,3, ureum/kreatinin 54/0,9,
albumin/globulin 2,7/6,2
Kasus 3
Identifikasi : Ny. B/29/ datang ke Laboratorium : Hb: 5,6 gr/dl
RS dengan Kel.Utama : leukosit 86.000/ul, trombosit
Perdarah gusi sejak 1 Minggu 32.000/ul
SMRS
RPP : Badan lemas, lesu, mual, Diff Count : sel blast (+) >>
Biru-biru di kulit (+), Gusi LDH 1.342, asam urat 12,3
berdarah (+), demam (+) tdk mg/dl
terlalu tinggi, pegal-pegal, Diagnosis : …..
nyeri tulang berobat SpPD
dirawat
Pem. Fisik Diagnosis banding : ……
Keadaan Umum : sadar, TD
130/80, N: 120x/m, RR 24, Terapi : …….
T:37,2
Keadaan spesifik : conjungtiva
anemis, Hipertropi gingiva, Rencana pemeriksaan :…..
splenomegali, acral pucat dan
ptechie (+)
Kasus 4
• Ny. SA/♂/35 thn/
• Keluhan utarna : benjolan di perut yang cepat
membesar sejak I bulan SMRS
• Sejak I bulan SMRS timbul benjolan yang cepat besar di perut kiri
atas dan perut terasa penuh, jika makan cepat teras kenyang,
mual(+), BB turun. Os berobat ke SpPD, diperiksa USG limpa
membesar, os lalu dirujuk ke RSMH.
• Peneriksaan fisik:
- Konjungtiva palpebra pucat (+)
- Lien schufner IV
• Pemeriksaan Labor:
- Hb: 9,1 g/dl, MCV: 24 picogram, MCH: 82 picogram
- leukosit 15.100/mm3, thrombosit: 510.000/mm3,
LDH: 562 U/l
Kasus 5