Group 3 of St.

Sebastian
 CIVILIZATION

complex society that creates

agricultural surpluses. allowing for
specialized labor, social hierarchy,
and the establishment of cities
Writing appeared in Mesopotamia
over 5,000 years ago. This invention
was so important that it marks the
end of the Prehistory, and the
beginning of History.

As villages grew into towns, writing was

a way of storing information about
taxes, trade and population
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
 MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamia mean
land between
rivers

it was a very dry area

however ,
irrigation canals
allowed agriculture
to develop
consisted of signs drawn on clay
tablets
 CITY- STATES IN
MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamian cities were Ur,

Uruk, Kish, Lagesh
 at center of each city was a temple : a
ziggurat ( a massive , tiered, pyramid-
shaped structure)
 MESOPOTAMIAN
RELIGION

Polytheism -
they belived in
many Gods
MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY

Social Classes
-Priest and Aristocracy (Kings)
-Civil Servants (Scribes)
- Ordinary Workers (Craftsmen, Merchants, and
Peasants)

Slaves were not free citizens

Women had more rights than in many later civilizations ,

but not allowed to attend schools (could not read and
write)
 MESOPOTAMIAN
CULTURE

Cuneiform - one
of the first writing
systems
ANCIENT EGYPT
 PHARAOH

Egyptians called their king

as Pharaoh

Egyptians believed that

pharaoh were gods

He passed laws

He ruled the country

He owned most of the land

 EGYPTIAN RELIGION

Egyptians were
polytheistic -
they
worshipped
many gods
 EGYPTIAN BELIEFS

Egyptians believed in afterlife as long as the body was

preserved

A dead body was dried to make a mummy , which

was put in a sarcophagus

A wealthy person's tomb contained the things which

were necessary in the afterlife, such as food, jewels or
statues of servants
 EGYPTIAN ART

Paintings and Temples

is an organized community that lives under a
single political structure.
 RISE OF STATE

The first states in the Middle East had developed by 3200

BCE, after perhaps 500 years of relatively rapid increases
in the power of the elite in Egypt and Mesopotamia

This is the period in which the first cities, like Uruk and
Nagar in Mesopotamia, were built.

Early Egyptian cities like Nekhen (modern Hierakonpolis)

and Memphis appear to have been smaller than their
Mesopotamian counterparts.
Farmers living in the city itself would have had to travel to
their fields and back to their home in the city each day.

Early states developed ideologies that justified the new

social order

Egyptian state had well-defined borders—Aswan in the

south and the Nile Delta in the north—and that these
borders were defined in part by ethnic difference.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were organized as states
before 3000 BCE, and other areas across the Middle
East were forced to develop their own cities and
states in political, economic, and military reaction to
these early centers of political complexity.
Thankyou for Listening!