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V R V0
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 4
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• A step-down chopper with resistive load.
• The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
• When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears
across the load
• When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the
load will be zero.
Vdc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
2
V tON
VO tON .V
T T
VO d .V
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 10
10
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But IO
R
Output power
2
V
PO O
R
2
dV
PO
R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 11
11
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Effective input resistance of chopper
V
Ri
I dc
R
Ri
d
The output voltage can be varied by
varying the duty cycle.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 12
12
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Methods Of Control
• The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
– Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
– Variable frequency control.
tON tOFF
t
T
V0
t
tON tOFF
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 15
15
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Variable Frequency Control
• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping either
tON or tOFF constant.
• To obtain full output voltage range, frequency
has to be varied over a wide range.
• This method produces harmonics in the output
and for large tOFF load current may become
discontinuous
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tON tOFF
t
T
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 17
17
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
Chopper
i0
+
R
V V0
FWD L
E
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 18
18
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• When chopper is ON, supply is connected
across load.
• Current flows from supply to load.
• When chopper is OFF, load current continues
to flow in the same direction through FWD due
to energy stored in inductor ‘L’.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 19
19
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Load current can be continuous or
discontinuous depending on the values of ‘L’
and duty cycle ‘d’
• For a continuous current operation, load current
varies between two limits Imax and Imin
• When current becomes equal to Imax the
chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when
current reduces to Imin.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 20
20
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
v0 Output
voltage
V
tON tOFF
t
T
i0 Output
Imax current
Continuous
Imin current
t
i0 Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 21
21
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation
When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
V V0
L
E
-
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 23
23
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
diO
V iO R L E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
V E
S S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
V E I min
IO S
R R
LS S S
L L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 24
24
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
V E
R
t
R
t
iO t 1 e L
I min e L
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 25
25
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
When Chopper is OFF
i0
0 RI O S L SI O S iO 0
E
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0
I max
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 27
27
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
I max E
IO S
S
R R
LS S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
t E R
t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 28
28
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,
i.e., during the period chopper is OFF
iO I min
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min t
dT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 35
35
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
RMS value of load current
dT
1
0 dt
2
I O RMS i
dT 0
I max I min t
2
1
dT
I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
dt
2 I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
dT 2
1
I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
t
dT
dt
2
I max I min
dT
1
I CH
T 0 I min dT t dt
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 37
37
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I CH d I min I min I max I min
3
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 38
38
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 39
39
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Principle Of Step-up Chopper
I L D
+
+
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 40
40
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load
voltage higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 41
41
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I
is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L i.e., VO V
dt
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 42
42
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load,
will provide a continuous output voltage .
• Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
3
tON 0.80 0.1 10
3
tON 0.08 10 80 μsecs
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 59
59
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
• In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30
Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF
periods of the chopper if the load resistance is
2 ohms.
V R v0
PO
R
0.6 200 2
2
PO 2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi
T Vi dt
0
O
1
dT
V V Vch
PO
T 0 R dt
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 67
67
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO 2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 68
68
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
• A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
– Average load current
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 69
69
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
L 5 H , R 10, f 1000 Hz,
V 200 V , tON : tOFF 2 : 3
Chopping period,
1 1
T 1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2
tOFF 3
2
tON tOFF
3
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 70
70
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
3
tOFF T
5
3 3
T 110 0.6 msec
5
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 71
71
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
tON T tOFF
tON 1 0.6 103 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d 3
0.4
T 110
Maximum value of load current is given by
dRT
V 1 e L
E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 72
72
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Since there is no voltage source in
the load circuit, E = 0
dRT
V 1 e L
I max
R
RT
1 e L
3
0.410110
200 1 e 5
I max 101103
10
1 e 5
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 73
73
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1 e 0.8103
I max 20 2103
1 e
I max 8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by
dRT
V e 1 L
I min
R RT
e L 1
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 74
74
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
0.4101103
200 e 1
5
I min 7.995 A
10 101510
3
e 1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc 8 A
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 75
75
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
• A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH,
f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
– Average value of load current.
– RMS load current.
– Effective input resistance as seen by source.
– RMS chopper current.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 76
76
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1 3
T 110 secs
f 110 3
Chopper
i0
+
R
v0
FWD L
E
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 77
77
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Maximum value of load current is given by
dRT
V 1 e L E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
3
0.5 5 1 10
200 1 e 510
3
I max 51103
0
5
1 e 5103
1 e 0.5
I max 40 1
24.9 A
1 e
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 78
78
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Minimum value of load current is given by
dRT
V e 1 E
L
I min
R L RT R
e 1
3
0.551 10
1
3
200 e 510
I min 5110 3 0
5
e 5103 1
e0.5 1
I min 40 1 15.1 A
e 1
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 79
79
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Average value of load current is
I1 I 2
I dc
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9 15.1
I dc 20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I O RMS I min I min I max I min
3
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao
8080
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1
24.9 15.1
2 2
I O RMS 15.1
2
15.1 24.9 15.1
3
1
96.04 2
I O RMS 228.01 147.98 20.2 A
3
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch d I O RMS 0.5 20.2 14.28 A
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 81
81
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
I S = Average source current
I S dI dc
I S 0.5 20 10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri 20
IS 10
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 82
82
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Classification Of Choppers
• Choppers are classified as
– Class A Chopper
– Class B Chopper
– Class C Chopper
– Class D Chopper
– Class E Chopper
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
i0
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
v0 FWD Conducts
Output voltage
t
tON
T
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 87
87
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0
t
i0 tOFF tON
T
t
Output current
Imax
Imin
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
v0 Output voltage
CH1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 96
96
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A
and Class B Choppers.
• For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2
conducts.
• For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or
D1 conducts.
• When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
• The output voltage is equal to ‘V’ & the load
receives power from the source.
• When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in
inductance L forces current to flow through the
diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 97
97
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Current continues to flow in positive direction.
• When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces
current to flow in opposite direction through L
and CH2 .
• The output voltage is zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the
inductance drives current through diode D1 and
the supply
• Output voltage is V, the input current becomes
negative and power flows from load to source.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 98
98
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Average output voltage is positive
• Average output current can take both positive
and negative values.
• Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned
ON simultaneously as it would result in short
circuiting the supply.
• Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor
control and regenerative braking of dc motor.
• Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or
step-down chopper.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 99
99
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 100
100
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Class D Chopper
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
CH1,CH2 D1,D2 Conducting
ON
v0 Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
t
Average v0
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
i0
tON
VO RMS V
2
T
VO RMS dV
tON
Where duty cycle, d
T
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 117
117
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
RMS value of thyristor current
= RMS value of load current
VO RMS
R
dV
R
Average value of thyristor current
= Average value of load current
dV
R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 118
118
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Impulse
Commutated Chopper
• Impulse commutated choppers are widely used
in high power circuits where load fluctuation is
not large.
• This chopper is also known as
– Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
– Voltage commutated chopper
– Classical chopper.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 119
119
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
LS T1 iT1
+ a + IL +
_ C
b T2
iC FWD
L
O
VS A vO
D
L D1
_ _
+ + IL
VC _C iC
L
VS O
A
D
L D1
_
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 123
123
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
• The supply voltage comes across the load.
• Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
• At the same time capacitor discharges through
T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor reverses its
voltage.
• This reverse voltage on capacitor is held
constant by diode D1.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 124
124
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Capacitor Discharge Current
C
iC t V sin t
L
1
Where
LC
& Capacitor Voltage
VC t V cos t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 125
125
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Mode-2 Operation
IL
+ LS _ IL
VC C L
VS + T2 O
A
D
_
IL
+ LS + IL
VS _C T2 L
VS O
A
FWD D
_
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 131
131
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• FWD starts conducting and the load current
decays.
• The energy stored in source inductance LS is
transferred to capacitor.
• Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher
than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns off.
+ + IL
VC _C L
D1 O
VS
A
L D
_ FWD
IL
L • Both thyristors are off
FWD O
A and the load current
D flows through the FWD.
• This mode will end once
thyristor T1 is fired.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 136
136
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
ic Capacitor Current
IL
0 t
Ip
iT1
Ip
IL Current through T 1
t
0
Vc
t
Capacitor Voltage
-Vc
tc
td
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 138
138
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Disadvantages
• A starting circuit is required and the starting
circuit should be such that it triggers thyristor
T2 first.
• Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply
voltage when the commutation is initiated.
• The discharging and charging time of
commutation capacitor are dependent on the
load current and this limits high frequency
operation, especially at low load current.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 139
139
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Chopper cannot be tested without connecting
load.
• Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well
as resonant current resulting in increasing its
peak current rating.