Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Line Commutated AC to DC
converters)
Output Voltage
Output (load)
Current
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 13
13
Supply Voltage
Thyristor Voltage
vO Vm sin t for t to
1
VOdc Vdc Vm sin t.d t
2
1
VOdc Vm sin t.d t
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 18
18
Vm
VOdc sin t .d t
2
Vm
VOdc cos t
2
Vm
VOdc cos cos ; cos 1
2
Vm
VOdc 1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 19 19
Maximum average (dc) o/p
voltage is obtained when 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc max Vdm 1 cos 0 ; cos 0 1
2
Vm
Vdc max Vdm
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 20
20
Vm
VO dc 1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle from 0 to a
maximum of 180 radians 0
V O dc
vs by using the equation for VO dc
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 21
21
Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load
0.6 V d m
0.2 V d m
0 60 12 0 18 0
Trigg er an g le in d egree s
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 25
25
Normalizing the dc output
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vm
Vdc 1 cos
Vn 2
Vdm Vm
Vdc 1
Vn 1 cos Vdcn
Vdm 2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 26
26
To Derive An
Expression for the
RMS Value of Output Voltage
of a
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier With Resistive Load
Vm 1
sin 2 t
2
VO RMS t
2 2
1
Vm 1 sin 2 sin 2 2
VO RMS ;sin2 0
2 2
1
Vm 1 sin 2 2
VO RMS
2 2
1
Vm sin 2 2
VO RMS
2 2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 30
30
Performance Parameters
Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
2 2
Vac Vr rms V O RMS
V O dc
HF 1
S S1
2
I S1 I S 1
Where
I S RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1 RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 41
41
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF cos cos
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S peak Peak input supply current
CF
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF 1; 100% ; Vac Vr rms 0 ; TUF 1;
RF rv 0 ; HF THD 0; PF DPF 1
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 42
42
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With
An
RL Load
Z R L =Load impedance.
2 2
L
1
tan Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
R
Vm t
iO sin t A1e L
Z
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 50
50
Constant A1 is calculated from
initial condition iO 0 at t ; t=
R
Vm t
iO 0 sin A1e L
Z
R
t Vm
A1e L
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R
Vm
A1 e Z sin
L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 51
51
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm Vm
t
iO sin t e sin
L
Z Z
we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm R
t
iO sin t sin e L
;
Z
Where t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 52
52
Extinction angle can be calculated by using
the condition that iO 0 at t
R
Vm t
iO sin t sin e L
0
Z
R
sin e L
sin
can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 53
53
To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load
1 2
VO dc VL vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
vO 0 for t 0 to & for t to 2
1
VOdc VL vO .d t ;
2
vO Vm sin t for t to
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 55
55
1
VOdc VL Vm sin t.d t
2
Vm
VOdc VL cos t
2
Vm
VOdc VL cos cos
2
Vm
VOdc VL cos cos
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 56
56
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output
VO dc Vm
I Odc I L Avg cos cos
RL 2 RL
L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 60
60
vS
S u p p ly vo lta g e
0 t
iG
G a te p u lses
0 t
iO L o a d c urre n t
t=
0 t
2
vO
L o a d v o ltage
0 t
SCR FW D SCR FW D
0 t
2
L o a d v o lta g e
t
0
iO
Im
L o a d c u rr en t
0 t
L 1
tan Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
R
Vm E t
be written as iO sin t Ae L
Z R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 71
71
To find the value of the constant
'A' apply the initial conditions at t ,
load current iO 0, Equating the general
expression for the load current to zero at
t , we get
R
Vm E
iO 0 sin Ae L
Z R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 72
72
We obtain the value of constant 'A' as
R
E V L
A sin e
m
R Z
Substituting the value of the constant 'A' in the
expression for the load current; we get the
complete expression for the output load current as
R
Vm E E Vm t
iO sin t sin e L
Z R R Z
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 73
73
To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage
1 2
VO dc vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
vO Vm sin t Output load voltage for t to
vO E for t 0 to & for t to 2
1 2
VO dc E.d t Vm sin t E.d t
2 0
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 75
75
2
1
VO dc E t Vm cos t E t
2 0
1
VO dc E 0 Vm cos cos E 2
2
Vm E
VO dc cos cos 2
2 2
Vm 2
VO dc cos cos E
2 2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 76
76
Conduction angle of thyristor
T2
B
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 79
79
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 81
81
To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During t to
When Thyristor T1 Conducts
Z R L =Load impedance.
2 2
L
1
tan Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
R
Vm t
iO sin t A1e L
Z
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 84
84
Constant A1 is calculated from
initial condition iO 0 at t ; t=
R
Vm t
iO 0 sin A1e L
Z
R
t Vm
A1e L
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R
Vm
A1 e Z sin
L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 85
85
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm Vm
t
iO sin t e sin
L
Z Z
we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm R
t
iO sin t sin e L
;
Z
Where t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 86
86
Extinction angle can be calculated by using
the condition that iO 0 at t
R
Vm t
iO sin t sin e L
0
Z
R
sin e L
sin
can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 87
87
To Derive An Expression For The DC
Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 89
89
1
VOdc Vdc vO .d t
t
1
VOdc Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
VOdc Vdc cos t
Vm
VOdc Vdc cos cos
90
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 90
When the load inductance is negligible i.e., L 0
Extinction angle radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO dc cos cos
Vm
VO dc
cos 1
Vm
VO dc 1 cos ; for R load, when
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 91
91
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression
1 2 2
VO RMS Vm sin t.d t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 92
92
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 94
94
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t ;
T1 conducts from t to
Thyristor T2 is triggered at t ;
T2 conducts from t to 2
FWD conducts from t to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 95
95
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 96
96
1
VO dc Vdc vO .d t
t 0
1
VO dc Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
VO dc Vdc cos t
Vm
VO dc Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
Vm
VO dc Vdc 1 cos
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 97
97
• The load current is discontinuous for low values
of load inductance and for large values of
trigger angles.
• For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
• Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger angles.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 98
98
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 100
100
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 102
102
1
VOdc Vdc vO .d t
t
1
VOdc Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
VOdc Vdc cos t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 103
103
VO dc Vdc
Vm
cos cos ;
cos cos
Vm
VO dc Vdc cos cos
2Vm
VO dc Vdc cos
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 104
104
• By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a single
phase full wave controlled rectifier with RL
load for continuous load current operation
without FWD
0 .6 V dm
0.2 V dm
0
30 60 90 12 0 150 180
-0 .2 V dm
-0 .6 V dm
-V dm
Trig g e r a n g le in d eg ree s
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 107
107
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle , 0 to 90 0
i.e., 0 90 ;
0
t
0
iO
t
0
( ) ( )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 121
121
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter With
R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free Load
Current Operation
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 122
122
1
VO dc Vdc vO .d t
t 0
1
VO dc Vdc Vm sin t.d t
Vm
VO dc Vdc cos t
Vm
VO dc Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
Vm
VO dc Vdc 1 cos
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 123
123
Vdc can be varied from a max.
2Vm
value of to 0 by varying from 0 to .
For 0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is
2Vm
Vdc max Vdm
Normalized dc o/p voltage is
Vm
Vdc
1 cos
1
Vdcn Vn 1 cos
Vdn 2Vm 2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 124
124
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
1
2 2
VO RMS Vm sin t.d t
2 2
2
1
Vm2 2
VO RMS
2
1 cos 2t .d t
1
Vm 1 sin 2 2
VO RMS 2
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 125
125
Single Phase Full Wave
Full Converter
(Fully Controlled Bridge
Converter)
With R,L, & E Load
0 .6 V dm
0.2 V dm
0
30 60 90 12 0 150 180
-0 .2 V dm
-0 .6 V dm
-V dm
Trig g e r a n g le in d eg ree s
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 140
140
• During the period from t = to the input voltage
vS and the input current iS are both positive and the
power flows from the supply to the load.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 < < 900
900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 143
143
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage
The rms value of the output voltage
is calculated as
2
1 2
VO RMS vO .d t
2 0
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 144
144
The single phase full converter gives two
output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
2
vO .d t
2
VO RMS
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 145
145
1
Vm sin t.d t
2 2
VO RMS
V 2
sin t.d t
2
VO RMS m
V 2
1 cos 2 t
.d t
VO RMS
m
2
V 2
VO RMS d t cos 2 t.d t
m
2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 146
146
V 2
sin 2 t
VO RMS t
m
2 2
V 2
sin 2 sin 2
VO RMS
m
2 2
V 2
sin 2 2 sin 2
VO RMS ;
m
2 2
sin 2 2 sin 2
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 147
147
2
V sin 2 sin 2
VO RMS
m
2 2
2 2
V V Vm
VO RMS 0
m
m
2 2 2
Vm
VO RMS VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 148
148
Thyristor Current Waveforms
1 t
ir vO1 vO 2 .d t ;
Lr 2 1
vO1 Vm sin t for 2 1 to t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 161
161
Vm t t
ir sin t.d t sin t.d t
Lr 2 1 2 1
2Vm
ir cos t cos 1
Lr
The instantaneous value of the circulating current
depends on the delay angle.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 162
162
For trigger angle (delay angle) 1 0,
the magnitude of circulating current becomes min.
when t n , n 0, 2, 4,.... & magnitude becomes
max. when t n , n 1,3,5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the
converters that controls the power flow
may carry a peak current of
4Vm
Ip ,
Lr
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 163
163
where
Vm
I p I L max ,
RL
&
4Vm
ir max max. circulating current
Lr
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 164
164
The Dual Converter
Can Be Operated
In Two Different Modes Of Operation
Conv. 2 Conv. 1
Rectifying Inverting
2 < 900 1 > 900
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 169
169
Advantages of Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• The circulating current maintains continuous
conduction of both the converters over the complete
control range, independent of the load.
• One converter always operates as a rectifier and the
other converter operates as an inverter, the power
flow in either direction at any time is possible.