METABOLISM

What is Metabolism ?
• Metabolism is the set of life-
sustaining chemical reactions in organism.

• The three main purposes of metabolism are:

the conversion of food to energy to run
cellular processes; the conversion of
food/fuel to building blocks for proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydratess;
and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
 METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION-
BASAL AND MUSCULAR METABOLISM
 What is Metabolic Heat?
• The metabolic heat generated by a
person increases as a function of the
physical work performed.
• Metabolic heat can be estimated based
on actual measurement of oxygen
consumption of a worker, or estimated
using detailed calculations and
tabulations.
 Basal Metabolism
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate
of energy expenditure per unit time
by endothermi animals at rest.
• It is reported in energy units per unit time
ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg).
• Proper measurement requires a strict set of
criteria be met. These criteria include being in
a physically and psychologically undisturbed
state, in a thermally neutral environment.
 Muscular Metabolism
• Muscle metabolism is usually
independent of cerebral metabolism,
but some disorders induce combinations
of muscle and cerebral impairments.
• Muscle tissue is a significant consumer
of nutrients and oxygen. Its
consumption is unquestionably
dependent on how intensively the muscle
is working.
HEAT OF BODY BY CONVECTION,
RADIATION, EVAPORATION AND
CONDUCTION
 Convection
• When a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated
and then travels away from the source, it
carries the thermal energy along. This type of
heat transfer is called convection.
• The fluid above a hot surface expands,
becomes less dense, and rises.
• At the molecular level, the molecules expand
upon introduction of thermal energy.
• As temperature of the given fluid mass
increases, the volume of the fluid must increase
by same factor.
• Q = hc ∙ A ∙ (Ts – Tf)
 Radiation
• Thermal radiation generates from the emission of
electromagnetic waves. These waves carry the
energy away from the emitting object.
• Radiation occurs through a vacuum or any
transparent medium (either solid or fluid).
• Thermal radiation is the direct result of random
movements of atoms and molecules in matter.
• Movement of the charged protons and electrons
results in the emission of electromagnetic
radiation.
• All materials radiate thermal energy based on their
temperature. The hotter an object, the more it will
radiate.
• P = e ∙ σ ∙ A· (Tr4 – Tc4)
 Evaporation
• Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on
the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
• The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the
evaporating substance.
• When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer
energy to each other based on how they collide with each
other.
• When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy
to overcome the vapor pressure it will escape and enter
the surrounding air as a gas.
• When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the
vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid,
resulting in evaporative cooling.
 Conduction
• Conduction transfers heat via direct molecular collision.
• An area of greater kinetic energy will transfer thermal
energy to an area with lower kinetic energy. Higher-speed
particles will collide with slower speed particles. The slower-
speed particles will increase in kinetic energy as a result.
• Conduction is the most common form of heat transfer and
occurs via physical contact.
• The process of heat conduction depends on the following
factors: temperature gradient, cross-section of the material,
length of the travel path, and physical material properties.
• Cross-section and path of travel both play an important part
in conduction. Q = [k ∙ A ∙ (Thot – Tcold)]/d
FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN COMFORT
THRU AIR TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY,
AIR MOVEMENT AND RADIATION
 Air Temperature
• Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is.
• It is the most commonly measured weather parameter
• More specifically, temperature describes the kinetic
energy, or energy of motion, of the gases that make up air.
As gas molecules move more quickly, air temperature
increases.
• Affects the growth and reproduction of plants and animals,
with warmer temperatures promoting biological growth.
• For instance, air temperature affects: the rate of
evaporation , relative humidity, wind speed and direction ,
precipitation patterns and types, such as whether it will
rain, snow, or sleet.
 Humidity
• Humidity is the concentration of water vapour present in
air.
• Water vapour, the gaseous state of water, is generally
invisible to the human eye.
• Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew,
or fog to be present. The amount of water vapour needed
to achieve saturation increases as the temperature
increases.
• Three primary measurements of humidity are widely
employed: absolute, relative and specific. Absolute
humidity describes the water content of air and is
expressed in either grams per cubic metre[ or grams per
kilogram.[Relative humidity, expressed as a percentage,
indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to
a maximum humidity given the same temperature. Specific
humidity is the ratio of water vapor mass to total moist
air parcel mass.
 Air Movement
• Airflow, or air flow is the movement of air
from one area to another.
• The primary cause of airflow is the existence
of pressure gradients.
• Air behaves in a fluid manner, meaning
particles naturally flow from areas of higher
pressure to those where the pressure is lower.
• Atmospheric air pressure is directly related to
altitude, temperature, and composition.
• In engineering, airflow is a measurement of the
amount of air per unit of time that flows
through a particular device.
 Radiation
• Radiation from the Sun, which is more popularly
known as sunlight, is a mixture of electromagnetic
waves ranging from infrared (IR) to ultraviolet rays
(UV).
• It of course includes visible light, which is in
between IR and UV in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
• All electromagnetic waves (EM) travel at a speed of
approximately 3.0 x 10 8 m/s in vacuum. Although
space is not a perfect vacuum, as it is really
composed of low-density particles, EM waves,
neutrinos, and magnetic fields, it can certainly be
approximated as such.
 THERMAL PREFERENCES INFLUENCED BY THESE
FACTORS: CLOTHING, ACCLIMATISATION, AGE AND
SEX, BODY SHAPE, SUBCUTANEOUS FAT, STATE OF
HEALTH, FOOD AND DRINK, SKIN COLOR
 Clothing
• Clothing insulation is the thermal
insulation provided by clothing.
• Even if the main role of clothing is to
protect from the cold, protective
clothing also exists to protect from
heat, such as for metallurgical workers
or firemen. As regards thermal
comfort, only the first case is
considered.
 Acclimatisation
• The thermal acclimatory capacity of a particular
species may determine its resilience to
environmental change.
• Thermal acclimation as either beneficial or
detrimental is un-nuanced, and that multiple
performance parameters need to be measured
• Overall, the effects of cold acclimation appears
as a trade-off be- tween stress resistance and
reproduction, and support the view that the
traditional hypotheses hotter is better, colder is
better, optimal rearing temperature is better,
and the beneficial or detrimental acclimation
hypotheses are simplistic.
 Age and Sex
• Differences in thermal comfort between male
and female subjects are generally considered to
be small.
• Females are less satisfied with room
temperatures than males, prefer higher room
temperatures than males, and feel both
uncomfortably cold and uncomfortably hot more
often than males.
• Although females are more critical of their
thermal environments, males use thermostats in
households more often than females.
 Body Shape
• Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that
expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective
evaluation.
• The human body can be viewed as a heat engine
where food is the input energy.
• The heat transfer is proportional to temperature
difference. In cold environments, the body loses
more heat to the environment and in hot
environments the body does not exert enough heat.
Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort.
• Most people will feel comfortable at room
temperature, colloquially a range of temperatures
around 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F),
 Subcutaneaus Fat
• The study considers the Pennes bioheat model for
skin to simulate the thermal recovery phase after the
removal of undercooled condition.
• Based on the surface thermal maps of a three-
dimensional skin, the change in fat thickness within
the skin is characterized.
• Sensitivity study reveals that the major variation in
the thermal pattern at the skin surface is mainly due
to the change in fat thickness. Possible random noise
associated with background disturbances is also
considered to determine the associated signal-to-
noise ratio.
 State of Health
• The guidance for the home environment aims to protect the
health of those most susceptible and fragile to
temperatures outside the comfort range, such as children
and older subjects
• The WHO has therefore made the general assumption that
the thermal comfort range is 18-24 • C, which is an interval
specified in current comfort standards/
• Indoor comfort is affected not only by the climate, season,
acclimatization of individuals, and thermal history but also
economic and cultural contexts and expectations. ...
• This includes traditional methods for creating a comfortable
indoor climate and measures that make use of differences
between day and night conditions that utilize high thermal
mass in the building material and cooling by means of
evaporation of water.
 Food and Drink
• In common usage, the term taste refers to the
oral experience produced during the ingestion of a
food or beverage.
• To evaluate thermal effects on flavor therefore
requires more than merely measuring the
modulation of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes
under conditions of changing stimulus temperature.
• The present chapter reviews the current literature
on thermal effects in all four of the above-
mentioned modalities and suggests future research.
• However, because temperature-taste effects were
usually measured in piecemeal fashion in different
laboratories using different experimental methods,
few generalizations could be gleaned from the early
experiments.
 Skin Color
• Human skin color ranges in variety from
the darkest brown to the lightest hues.
• An individual's skin pigmentation is the result
of genetics, being the product of both of the
individual's biological parents' genetic
makeup, and exposure to sun.
• In evolution, skin pigmentation in human
beings evolved by a process of natural
selection primarily to regulate the amount
of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin,
controlling its biochemical effects.
THANK YOU FOR READING

 Submitted by:
Bisnar, Krystal Claire G.
Second Year – Block A Class 1

Submitted to:
MANDADERO, MARISOL