Modern Wireless Communication Systems

Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world.

 Wireless communication has proved to be a robust, viable
voice and data transport mechanism.

 WLANs & Bluetooth, used primarily within buildings, use low

power levels & generally do not require a license for
spectrum use.
 FDMA / FDD
 Analog FM
Different Standards Used in Different Generations of Mobile Technologies
1G 2G 3G
1. Paging systems 1. Paging systems 1. Single standard under
2. Cordless telephone 2. Cordless telephone IMT-2000, UMTS, MC-CDMA,
(CTO, CTI) (DECT, PACS) TD-SCDMA
3. Cordless telephone cell 3. WLL
4. Private mobile radio 4. Private mobile radio
(TETRA)
5. Cellular systems 5. Cellular systems
(NMT, AMPS, etc) (GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, IS-95)
6. Mobile satellite systems 6. Mobile satellite systems
(INMARSAT) (IRIDIUM, ICO,
GLOBALSTAR)
7. FDMA / FDD 7. TDMA / FDD, CDMA / FDD
1. Global System Mobile (GSM): Supports 8 time slotted users
for each 200 KHz radio channel
2. Interim Standard 136 (IS-136): (NADC / USDC): Supports 3
time slotted users for each 30 KHz radio channel
3. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC): TDMA standard similar to IS-
136
4. 2G CDMA: (cdmaOne): Interim Standard 95 Code Division
Multiple Access (IS-95): Supports upto 64 users that are
orthogonally coded & simultaneously transmitted on each
1.25 MHz channel.
Rely on digital modulation & digital signal
processing techniques.
Worldwide subscriber base as a function of cellular technology in late 2001.
As compared to 1G analog wireless technolog
ies,

All 2G technologies offer at least a 3-times in

crease in spectrum efficiency.

Hence at least a 3x increase in overall system

capacity
 Circuit-switched data modems
 Limits data users to a single circuit-switched voice
channel
 Support single user data rates on the order of 10 k
bps
 Too slow for rapid email & internet browsing applic
ations
 However sophisticated SMS application is supporte
d
 Need for increased throughput data rates to suppo
rt modern Internet applications.
 2.5G technology represents new data-centric stand
ards developed that can be overlaid upon
existing 2G technologies.
 Supports:
 web browsing,
 e-mail traffic,
 mobile commerce (m-commerce),
 location based mobile services,
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – web browsing
format language
Necessity:
 Base station add-on
 Software upgrades
 Modification on existing 2G equipment
Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.
 High Speed Circuit Switched Data.
 Circuit switched technique
 Allows a single mobile subscriber to use consecutive user time slots
in the GSM standard.
 Results in higher speed data.
 HSCSD relaxes the error control coding algorithms originally specified
in the GSM standard, thereby increasing the available application
data rate. (9.6 kbps to 14.4 kbps).
 Ideal for dedicated streaming Internet access or real time interactive
web sessions.
 Requires the service provider to implement a software change at
existing GSM base stations.
 General Packet Radio Service.
 Packet based data network on dedicated GSM or IS-136 radio
channels.
 Supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio channels &
time slots.
 Hence can support many more users than HSCSD, but in a bursty
manner.
 Retains the original modulation formats specified in the original 2G
TDMA standards.
 Uses a completely redefined air interface.
 Suitable for non-real time internet usage, including retrieval of email,
faxes & asymmetric web browsing.
 Requires installation of new routers & internet gateways at the base
station , new software
 Enhanced Data rates for GSM (or Global) Evolution.
 Also called as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS)
 Requires new hardware & software at existing base stations.
 A new digital modulation format, 8-PSK (octal phase shift
keying)(high data rate) used in addition to GSM’s standard GMSK (low
data rate) modulation.
 Allows nine different air interface formats, known as multiple
modulation & coding schemes (MCS).
 Each user connection adaptively selects the “best” air interface
(called incremental redundancy).
 Incremental redundancy ensures that the radio link for each
user will quickly reach a condition that uses the
minimum overhead, maximizing user
capacity with quality link.
 Packets are transmitted first with maximum error protection
& maximum data rate throughput.

 Subsequent packets are transmitted with less error protection

& less throughput, until the link has an acceptable outage or
delay.

 Rapid feedback between the base station & subscriber unit

then restores the previous acceptable air interface state,
which is presumably at an acceptable level but with minimum
required coding & minimum bandwidth & power data.
 Provides high speed packet & circuit switched data access
on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple
orthogonal user channels for specific users & specific
purposes.

 Supports medium data rate (MDR) service.

 Specifies hard handoff procedures.

 Hard handoff is more efficient for multiple channel systems

 Multi-megabit internet access
 Communication using VoIP (voice over internet prot
ocol )
 Voice-activated calls
 Unparalleled network capacity
 Ubiquitous “always-on” access
 Receive live music
 Conduct interactive web sessions
 Simultaneous voice & data access with multiple par
ties at the same time using a single handset, while
stationary or moving.
 2G CDMA →→→ cdma2000
Based on the fundamentals of IS-95 & IS-95B
No need to change base station or reallocate spectr
um.

 GSM / IS-136 / PDC →→→ Wideband CDMA

(W-CDMA)
Based on the fundamentals of GPRS, HSCSD, EDGE
Requires a complete change of RF equipment at ea
ch base station.
Requires a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz.
 Why handsets for GSM and CDMA different?
 The range, modulation scheme and data rate i
s different.GSM uses SIM card.
 What are the 3 primary benefits of 2G technol
ogy?
 Phone conversation is digitally encrypted
 More efficient on the spectrum allowing for fa
r greater mobile penetration levels
 Introduced data services for mobile. Ex. SMS

© 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Com

mercial use, distribution, or sale prohib
ited.
Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
 Provide “last mile” broadband local loop access, as well as for
emergency or redundant point-to-point or point-to-
multipoint private networks.

 Microwave or millimeter range radio frequencies in the 28

GHz band or higher.
 Extremely small wavelength allows very high gain directional
antennas.
 More bandwidth can be easily used, without distortion.
Example of the emerging applications and markets for broadband services. (Co
urtesy of Harris Corporation, ©1999, all rights reserved.)
Allocation of broadband wireless spectrum throughout the work. (Courtesy of Ray W. Nettleton and reproduced by permission of
Formus Communications.)
A wireless Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) using Asynchronous Tran
sfer Mode (ATM) distribution.
Measured received power levels over a 605 m 38 GHz fixed wireless lin
k in clear sky, rain, and hail [from [Xu00], ©IEEE].
Measured received power during rain storm at 38 GHz [from [Xu00], ©IEEE].
Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN)
Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.
Photographs of popular 802.11b WLAN equipment. Access points and a client card are shown on left, and PCMCIA Client card is s
hown on right. (Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc.)
Channelization scheme for IEEE 802.11b throughout the world.
A predicted coverage plot for three access points in a modern large lecture hall. (Courtesy of Wireless Valley Communications, Inc
., ©2000, all rights reserved.)
Schematic of an experiment to determine how received interference impacts end
user performance on a WLAN network [Hen01] demonstrated that a CAD predicti
on and measurement environment can be used to accurately and rapidly predict
true end user throughput in a multi-node network using blind prediction. Such
capabilities will be vital as user densities increase in WLAN networks within buil
A typical neighborhood where high speed license free WLAN service from the st
reet might be contemplated [Dur98b].
Figure 2.16 Measured values of path loss using a street-mounted lamp-post tr
ansmitter at 5.8 GHz, for various types of customer premise antenna [from [Dur
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
&
Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is an open standard.
 Provides an ad-hoc approach for enabling various devices to
communicate with one another within a nominal 10m range.

 2.4 GHz ISM band

 Frequency hopping TDD scheme for each radio channel
 1 MHz BW of each radio channel
 Hopping rate : 1600 hops per second
 Forward error control (FEC) coding & automatic repeat request
)(ARQ) schemes implemented so as to operate in high interference
environment.
Figure 2.17 Example of a Personal Area Network (PAN) as provided by the Bl
uetooth standard.
 Wireless communication systems
 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G
 2.5G HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE, IS-95B
 3G W-CDMA, 3G cdma2000
 Wireless local loop
 Wireless LAN
 Bluetooth, Personal area network
1. In your home, how many modern wireless communication ne
tworks are available to you? Identify the types of services, th
e types of technologies, the commercial names of the service
providers, & the commercial names of the equipment manufa
cturers that offer these wireless access capabilities.

2. Create a table that lists all 2G, 2.5G & 3G mobile telephone s
tandards. Carefully research the latest sources to determine t
he following parameters for each standard.
a) RF channel
b) Peak data rate
c) Typical data rate
d) Responsible standards body
e) Maximum number of concurrent users
f) Modulation type