Enzymes

Enzymes
• Properties:
1. Enormous catalytic power
2. High degree of specificity
3. Regulation of enzyme activity (metabolic control)
4. Lowers energy of activation
5. Consist of apoenzyme (protein part) and a
co-factor (nonprotein)
6. Names end in -ase
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
 Theories in Formation of the
Enzyme-Substrate Complex

1. Lock and key Theory (Emil Fischer)

 Theories in Formation of the
Enzyme-Substrate Complex

2. Induced fit (Koshland)

 Factors that Influence Rate of
Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction
1. Substrate concentration
 Factors that Influence Rate of
Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction

1. Substrate concentration
 Factors that Influence Rate of
Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction
2. Enzyme concentration
 Factors that Influence Rate of
Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction
3. pH
 Factors that Influence Rate of
Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction
4. Temperature
Enzyme inhibitors
 Regulatory Enzymes

• Allosteric enzymes
- respond within seconds
• Covalently modulated enzymes-
-respond within minutes
Co-factors
 Co-factors
• Required by enzymes in carrying catalytic
functions;
• help bind substrate to active site by attaching
to active site and leaving when the reaction is
completed
Co-enzyme
-active forms of vitamins
 Vitamins
Fat Soluble/ Water Soluble
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A (Retinol, beta carotene, other carotenoids)
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A (Retinol, beta carotene, other carotenoids)
Dietary sources
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A (Retinol, beta carotene, other carotenoids)
Deficiency
Night blindness,
dry eyes,
poor bone growth,
impaired resis- tance
to infection,
Faulty tooth devpt
Poor growth
Xerophthalmia
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A (Retinol, beta carotene, other carotenoids)
Excess
Dry, scaly, peeling, and itchy skin, rash
Hair loss
Poor appetite,
fatigue
Vomiting,
stomach discomfort
Liver injury
Headache,
bone pain
Nervousness,
Irritability
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin D (Cholecal-ciferol, ergocal-ciferol)
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin D (Cholecal-ciferol, ergocal-ciferol)
Dietary sources
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin D (Cholecal-ciferol, ergocal-ciferol)
Deficiency
*In growing children include
rickets (long, soft bowed legs)
flattening of the back of
the skull.

*In adults may result in

 osteomalacia (muscle and bone weakness)
 osteoporosis (loss of bone mass).
 Fat- Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin D (Cholecal-ciferol, ergocal-ciferol)
Excess
Hypercalcemia
Calcified cartilage
 High calcium level in the blood causes abnormal
heart beat and damage to organs such as kidneys
Vomiting,
diarrhea
Sore eyes
Itchy skin
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol, trocotrienol)
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol, trocotrienol)
Dietary sources
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol, trocotrienol)
Deficiency
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol, trocotrienol)
Excess

May interfere with vitamin K activity leading

to prolonged clotting and bleeding time;

in anemia, suppresses the normal

hematologic response to iron
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin K
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin K
Dietary sources
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin K
Deficiency
Prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time;
hemorrhagic manifestations (especially in
newborns)
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin K
Excess

hemolytic anemia;
Hyper-bilirubinemia
(jaundice)
Water- Soluble Vitamins
Water- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin B1
Helps metabolize
carbohydrates,
maintain appetite and
normal digestion.
Part of a coenzyme used
in energy metabolism.
Supports normal
appetite and nervous
system function.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin B1 Deficiency

Beriberi
Edema
Neuritis
Cardiac failure
Water- Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

used in energy
metabolism,
supports normal
vision and skin
health.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin, nicotinic acid, niacinamide)

Part of a coenzyme used in

energy metabolism,
supports health of skin,
nervous system and digestive
system.
High (pharmacological)
doses may help manage
cholesterol.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

Part of a
coenzyme A
used in energy
metabolism,
Water- Soluble Vitamins
5. Vitamin B6 (Pyroxidine, pyroxidal)

helps the body

synthesize
nonessential amino
acids.
Significant role in
protein metabolism.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
6. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

used in new cell

synthesis;
 helps to maintain
nerve cells.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
7. Biotin

used in energy
metabolism, fat
synthesis, amino acid
metabolism and
glycogen synthesis.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
8. Folic acid

used in new cell

synthesis.
Essential for blood
cell formation, protein
metabolism, and
prevention of neural
tube defects.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
8. Folic acid
Water- Soluble Vitamins
9. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Essential element in collagen
formation (strengthens blood
vessels, forms scar tissue, is a
matrix for bone growth);
antioxidant;
strengthens resistance to
infections; and
improves absorption of iron.
Water- Soluble Vitamins
9. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)