Section11 2

Section 11 Lecture 2: Analysis of Supersonic
Conical Flows
• Anderson,
Chapter 10 pp. 363-375
1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Physical Aspects of Conical Flow
• Flow is circumferentially symmetric

  0

• “Axi-symmetric flow”
2
(cont’d)

V   0
r
• Flow Properties are constant along a ray from the vertex
3
(cont’d)
• Look at shock wave

“straight”
• Shock strength is the same at points 1 and 2

     
= T s 2  V    V   V    V  

 
T s 1   1   2 “irrotational flow”
 
4
Rotational and Irrotational Flow
• Condition for Irrotational flow

 
V V  0

 
• At every point in flow field
5
Spherical Coordinate System
• Axi-symmetric flow
is best represented
using spherical
coordinate system
x  r sin( )cos( )
y  r sin( )sin( )
z  r cos( )
(Anderson conventions)
6
Spherical Coordinate System
(cont’d)
• Velocity vector
  
V  Vr ir  V i  V  0
• Gradient vector

 1  1  
    ir   i   i  
r r  r sin  
• Divergence
  sin  F 
 
 1  2  1  
 1  F
• F  2 r Fr  
  r r   r sin   r sin  
7
Continuity Equation for Conical Flow
0
• Steady flow
 
   • V   0

t  
• Axi-symmetric flow -- use spherical coordinates
  sin   V    V 
 
 
 1    1   1  
 • V  2 r V r 
2
 0
  r r   r sin   r sin  
 
   0 r V   0
• Evaluating derivatives and letting

8
Continuity Equation for Conical Flow (concluded)
2 Vr V 1  V  

 cos( )     V  0
r r sin( ) r    
V 
2 Vr  V cot( )    V 0
 
• Continuity Equation for Axi-symmetric Conical Flow
9
Crocco’s Relation for Axi-symmetric
Conical Flow
• Irrotational flow
• Crocco’s relationship solves both momentum and

energy equation
… thus for conical flow all we need to satisfy is:

 
V V  0

 
10
Conical Flow (cont’d)
• For Arbitrary V

V  0
• Curl Operation in Spherical Coordinates
  
ir r i r sin  i
 1   
V  0
r 2 sin  r  
Vr r V r sin  V
11
• For Arbitrary V

V  0
• Curl Operation in Spherical Coordinates
     
ir   r sin  V   r V   
     
 1        
V  2  r i   r sin  V   Vr   
r sin    r    
 

 
 r sin  i  r V    
Vr 
  r   
12

• Apply
  0

• Crocco Relation reduces to

  1   V Vr  
  V  i 2  r sin   V      0
r sin   r  
• Now apply 
V   0
r
13
Conical Flow (concluded)
• Crocco Relation reduces to (wow!)
Vr • Irrotationality
V  Condition for
 Axi-symmetric conical flow
14
Euler’s Equation for Axi-symmetric
Conical Flow
• Steady Axi-symmetric conical flow
0

V    
    V •   V  P
t  
• Flow is irrotational … Apply along stream line direction
dP   VdV  V 2  V 2  Vr 2
15
• Steady Axi-symmetric conical flow

dV 2  d[V 2  Vr 2 ]  2VdV  2V dV  2Vr dVr
dP    V dV  Vr dVr 
Divide by d

  V dV  Vr dVr 
dP
d d
• Thus behind the shock wave
dP
for isentropic flow   c2 d
  2 V dV  Vr dVr 
d
1
 c 16
• But from enthalpy equation
V2 V2 cp V2
h0  h   c pT    RgT  
2 2  Rg 2
cp V2 c2 V2
 RgT   
  c p  cv  2   1 2
 1
c 
2
2
2h 0 V
2
 h0 
2
Vmax
....Why?...no idea!
2
17
Conical Flow (concluded)
• Sub into Euler’s equation
d 2 V dV  Vr dVr  2 V dV  Vr dVr 

 
   1 2h0  V 2
 
  1 V 2  Vr 2 -2h0  
2
Vmax
h0  ....Why?...no idea!
2
18
Collected Equations for
for Axi-symmetric Conical Flow
Continuity
2 Vr V 1  dV d 
 cos( )     V  
r r sin( ) r  d d 
 dV V d   • Only  is independent variable
2V  V cot( )     0 Can re-write partials at total derivatives
 d  d 
Euler :
Crocco :
 dV dVr 
V  Vr
V 
dVr d 2  d d 

d  
d   1 V 2  Vr 2 -2h0 
19
for Axi-symmetric Conical Flow (cont’d)
Continuity
2 Vr V 1  dV d 
 cos( )     V  
r r sin( ) r  d d 
 dV V d  
2V  V cot( )     0
 d  d 
Euler :
Crocco :
 dV dVr 
V  Vr
V 
dVr d 2  d d 

d  
d   1 V 2  Vr 2 -2h0 
20
  dV dVr  
 dV V  Vr  
2  d  d 
2Vr  V cot( )     V 0
 d 
  1 V  Vr -2h0 
2 2

 
But from Crocco : • Substituting in

dVr dV d 2Vr
V   
d d d 2
21
  dVr d 2Vr dVr  

 2   Vr 
 d d 2
d   
cot( )   2r  r
dVr d V dV 2
Vr 
d  d d   1  dVr 2  
  d  Vr -2h0  
2
 
  1  dVr    d 2Vr  dVr  dVr dVr d 2Vr 
2
dVr
2h0  Vr  
2
2V  cot( )   Vr d  d d 2   0
2   d    r d d 2  d  
• CLASSICAL FORM OF TAYLOR-MACCOLL EQUATION

… BUT DIFFICULT TO SOLVE NUMERICALLY IN THIS FORM
2
Vmax
h0  ....Why?...no idea!  Vmax  2h0
2
22
Taylor-Maccoll Equation
• O.D.E for Vr in terms of 
 1  
 dVr  
2
dVr d Vr 
2
 2h0  Vr  
2
   2Vr  cot( ) 
2   d    d d 2 
dVr  dVr dVr d 2Vr 
 Vr d  d d 2   0
d  
Vr --> dependent variable, Vr
 --> independent variable • Solve for Vr ---> V 
Then 
23
Taylor-Maccoll Equation (cont’d)
• BETTER SOLUTION …Nondimensionalize by 2h0
 
  
   
2
  1 Vr 
2
 d Vr 2h0  V d V 2h d 2
Vr 2h0
1      2 r  r 0
cot( ) 
 2h0   d    d d 2 
 
2 2h0 r



d Vr  

2h0  Vr d Vr 2h0   d V
r r  
2h0 d 2 Vr 
2h0 
0
d  2h0 d d d 2

 
• let • and the Taylor-Maccol

equation reduces to
Vr Vr
  r  Anderson   
2h0 Vmax
24
  d r    d r d r 
2
 1
2
 1   r   2 r  cot( ) 
2
  
2  d    d d 2 
d r  d r d r d 2 r 
 r  2 
0
d  d d d 
Vr
 r  r
     2  r 2
2h0 
25
V
• Take a closer look at: 
2h0
V V2 2  V2  V2
    h0 
2
  h   
2h0 2  2  2
 c 2
V 2
 V 2
   1 V 2
   1 V 2
2       2
1 2 

   1 2  2  2 c  2 c 2
 1
M2
 2 • Once we find  we can calculate M
  1 2
1  2 M  • So how do we find  ?
26
Numerical Procedure for Solving
Axi-symmetric Conical Flow Field
• Re-write
  1   d r d 2 r  d r  d r d r d 2 r 
2
 d 
 1   r     2 r  cot( )   r  0
2 r
2 


d   d 2 
d  d   d d d 2 
• As
  1   d r d  d r   d r  d r d r d  d r  
2
 d 
 1   2
 r
 
 d    r d
2 cot( )   d    d  r d  d d  d    0
2 
r
 d  
 r
• But   • Substitute in

27
Axi-symmetric Conical Flow Field
• Re-write
  1   d r d 2 r  d r  d r d r d 2 r 
2
 d 
 1   r     2 r  cot( )   r  0
2 r
2 


d   d 2 
d  d   d d d 2 
• As
  1   d r d  d r   d r  d r d r d  d r  
2
 d 
 1   2
 r
 
 d    r d
2 cot( )   d    d  r d  d d  d    0
2 
r
 d  
 r
• But   • Substitute in

28
Axi-symmetric Conical Flow Field (cont’d)
 1  d   d 
 
1   r 2   2  2 r   cot( )       r  
 d  
d 
0
2 
• Solve for  r

  1 2   d   1
 2 1   r
2
   
2
   

 d



2
1  r
2
  
2

2 r    cot( )     r
2

 d 

  r 
2  1
2

1   r 2   
2
2   cot( )
r 

 d    1 2
 2 1  r
2
  
2
  

29
• System of first order ordinary differential equations
 r
 

 1
d 
2
r  1   r
2
  2
2 r   cot( )
 2
d   1 2

 2 1   r     
2 2

30
• Can be written in vector form as
  
  r   
    
    
      r 
2  1 2
 2

1   r   2 r   cot( )
 d   2

 
    1 2
 d   

1   r
2

  
2

   



 2
31
 r 
d
 F   
• Or 
  
d  
  
 
 
F      2    1 1   2   2 2   cot( )
 
 r r  r 
2
 
  1 2

  2 1   r2
  2
   


32
Boundary Value Problem
• Inverse solution method
• Given M … Start with assumed shock


shock (initial condition) r
 shock
M M2 ,
• Properties immediately behind
Shock given by Oblique
Shock relations

• On cone =0  =0 on Cone
Boundary Condition  cone

33
Boundary Value Problem (cont’d)
• Starting Conditions
Given M … Start with assumed shock (initial condition)
Calculate M2 (immediately behind shock)
   1 2
 1  2 Mn 
Mn  M  sin  shock  Mn2 
   1
  Mn  2 
2
Mn2
M2 

2 M  2 sin 2  shock  1  sin shock   shock 
tan  shock  
tan  shock  2  M  2   cos 2 shock  
34
• Starting Conditions
 shock
 1 2 r
M2 M M2 ,
 shock
 2
  1 2
1  2 M 2  
 =0 on Cone
 cone

 r   cos  shock   shock 

   sin  shock   shock 
35
• Using Starting r, 
Integrate the equations of motion over increments of 

Until  =0 … this angle corresponds t the solid
Cone boundary corresponding to M and the assumed
shock.
d • So How do we integrate
 F   This?
d
36
Integration of Equations of Motion
• The Integral starts at shock and proceeds
towards the cone where =cone
 cone
 ( )   ( ) 
cone shock F  ( )d
 shock
• Look at small segment d for the integral

 j1
 ( )   ( )  F  ( )d
j 1 j
 j
 j  
 j 1   j     j 1   j   F  ( )d
j
37
(cont’d)
 j  
• Look at
 F  ( )d
j
• Approximate are
under curve = F[]
j+1
 F  j   F  j 1
   F[]

    j
 

2
 
j  j+1
38
(cont’d)
• The the integral is approximated by
 j    F  j   F  j 1  
 F  ( )d         
 2 
j  
• And “trapezoidal rule”
 F  j 1   F  j  
  j 1        
 
j
2
 
39
(cont’d)
• Or we perform the same argument using “finite differences”

d   j 1   j  F  j   F  j 1  
 F      
d   j 1   j  2 

 F  j   F  j 1    F  j   F  j 1  
 j 1 j   j 1 j 
  
 2
    

j 1 j  j     j 
  
 2
 

   
 F  j   F  j 1  
  j 1   j       
 2 
 
• Basic differencing scheme

 F  j 1   F  j  
  j 1       
 
j
2
 
40
Predictor / Corrector
• But at step (j) we don’t know F  j 1 
• So we predict it …
- ^
^ 
  j 1   j   F  j 
 
• Be very careful
About units on 
• and then correct the prediction
^
  j 1   j 
  
^
^  -  
F  j   F  j 1  
 2      
41
Predictor / Corrector
• Where
 ^

  j

 
 
  
^
  
F  j       j    r j     1 1    r j      j   2   r j      j  cot( j ) 
^ 2 ^ ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ ^
      2 
           

   1  ^  2  ^  2   ^  2  
   1   r j    j     j   
  2          
 -

   j1

 
 
 -
  -   
F  j 1       j1    r j1     1 1    r j1      j1   2   r j1      j1  cot( j 1 ) 
2 - - 2 - 2 - -
      2 
           

   1  - 2 2
 - 2
 
  -
 
   1    r j1      j1       j1   
  2         
 
42
Collected Algorithm
1) Compute Initial Conditions,
a) Given M … Start with assumed shock
b) Calculate M2 (immediately behind shock)


1 
  1 Mn 2 
 2  

Mn  M  sin  shock  Mn2 

 M 2

  1
 n 
2 
tan  shock  

2 M  2 sin 2  shock  1 
tan  shock  2  M  2   cos 2 shock  
Mn2
M2 
sin shock   shock 
43
Collected Algorithm
c) Calculate p2,T2 ratios (immediately behind shock)
p2
p
 1
2
  1 
M  sin shock   1
2

T2 
 1 
2
 
M  sin shock   1  
2
 
 2    1M sin 
 shock 
2

T    1    
  1 M sin  shock 
2

 
44
Collected Algorithm (cont’d)
c) Compute starting non-dimensional velocities
 1 2
M2
 2
  1 2
1  2 M 2 
 r   cos  shock   shock 

   sin  shock   shock 
45
2) Compute  decrement
 shock  r 
    
N  
3) Integration Loop, j=1,…N • Be very careful
About units on 
a) Predictor
^ 
   j  
- ^
  j 1   j   F  j  ; j 1
 
b) Corrector
^ ^
  j 1   j 
   ^  -  
F  j   F  j 1  

2      
46
3) Integration Loop, j=1,…N (cont’d)
d) Test for convergence
f   j   
 
^ ^
if  > 0 you have a problem
{ j  j 1 ; Why?
  j j 1
return;}
else
{break;}
47
4) Post-process data
a) Compute total 
^
 r   N (1)
^
2 2
     r     
^ ^
^    
   N (2)
^
b) Compute Mcone
• Why?
2   cone  
2
 1
M cone   2 
M2
  1  1   cone    2
  1 2
1  2 M 
48
4) Post-process data
c) Calculate pcone,Tcone ratios (flow behind shock is isentropic)


   1 M 2   1
p2  1   2 
pcone pcone
 
p    1
2


1 
2
   1
M sin  shock 2
 
1


p p2

1
2
M cone  
2


   1 M 2 
Tcone

Tcone T2 

1 
2
 2 
 1 
2
 
M  sin  shock   1
2
 


 2    1M sin 
 shock 2

T2 T    1   1   1M  sin  shock 
2

T

1
2
M cone   
2


 
pc
c p /T p
 c c 
 p / T Tc
T
49
Physical Aspects of Cone Flow
• Compare cone flow to wedge • Cone flow supports a
much larger wedge angle
Cone Flow before shock wave detaches
M=2.0
Wedge Flow
M=1.5
M=2.0
M=1.5
M=4.0
M=8.0
M=8.0 M=4.0
50
Physical Aspects of Cone Flow (cont’d)
• Three-dimensional
“relieving” effect
• Cone shock wave is

Effectively weaker
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
Than shock wave for
Corresponding wedge angle
are needed to see this picture.
51
Isentropic Deceleration on
Cone with shock wave near detachment angle
• Flow goes from supersonic
to subsonic with out shock wave c l ine
i
k
son
oc
M>1<1
sh
M>1 M
ne
co
M>1
52
Isentropic Deceleration on
Cone with shock wave near detachment angle
(cont’d)
• Flow is getting “Squeezed” ine

ic l
k
son
oc
sh
M>1 M>1
ne
co
M>1
53
Qualitative Aspects of Conical Supersonic
Flow Fields at Angles of Attack
• Look at Zero-a conical flow field projected onto spherical surface
• Really a special case
Of a 1-dimensional
Flow field
• Shock strength is
uniform … irrotational
flow field
• Simplifying conditions
result in flow field
Crocco’s Theorem That is “easy” to solve
     
= T s 2  V    V   V    V  

 
T s 1   1   2 
 
V  0 54
Flow Fields at Angles of Attack (cont’d)
• Look at Non Zero-a conical flow field
• Shock Strength is

 
 0
 1
Ts  const  V 

  V

no longer uniformly
strong
• Tds is no longer
constant
• Flow field is “rotational”
 
   0  V   0
 r
55
• Look at Non Zero-a conical flow field
1) Flow field is a function of
two independent variables
,
 hock wave angle s is different for

each meridional plane ()
3) Stream lines about body are curved
4) From windward to leeward surface
5) Stream lines that pass thru different

Point on shock wave experience different
Entropy changes
56
• “Vortical Singularity”
• Stream lines with different
entropy levels converge on a
single line on leeward side
• Ray along cone surface at 180∞

degrees to freestream wind has
“multi-valued” entropy level
• Referred to as “Vortical
Singularity”
57
• When a < cone … singularity lies along cone surface
58
• When a > cone … singularity lies above cone surface
59
• Cross Flow Sonic Lines, cross flow Mach number > 1
ock
e sh
n
co
M >1 Abase
a pcone pbase
Mcross
>1
60
• Cross Flow Sonic Lines, cross flow Mach number > 1
61
• “Small angle” approximation
• Solution formulated as “corrections” to zero-asolution
 r   r a 0  a   r a cos  
   a 0  a   a cos  
  a   a cos  
Zero alpha condition

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow “Correction” 62
• “Taylor-Maccoll” type of equation for alpha perturbations
1 d  r a A d r a B
2
d r a
  C  0   a
f d 2
f d f d
A, B,C, D  func(zero alpha solution)
Pa 0  a  Pa cos    a 0  a   a cos  
f  
Pa 0  a 0
• Boundary conditions (behind shock wave)
 
ra
shock

c2 f
   ( r a 0   a 0 cot  shock )
2c 2 cot  (2 r a 0   a 0 cot  shock )
 
a shock

  2  ( r a   a cot  shock )2
0 0
63
• Solution is similar (but more complex) than zero alpha case
Starts at shock wave and works toward surface
• Solution tables for right cones

NASA SP 3007 "Tables for Flow Around
Right Circular Cones at Small Angle of Attack"
Link to paper in appendix to this section
64
Homework 12
• Code Taylor-Maccoll algorithm for cone flow
• Solve for flow conditions on surface of Cone

at freestream Mach 2.0 with 15 half angle
p = 101.325 kPa
T = 288 shock

 = 1.23 kg/m3 r
 shock
M M2 ,

 =0 on Cone
 cone
 15
65
Part 1 Solution
11.1
10.1 (a) shock = 0.592 rad = 33.9
(b) ps/p = 1.286 ps = 1.286 (1.01 x 10 5) = 1.3 x 105 N/m2
s/ = 1.196 s = 1.196 (1.23) = 1.47 kg/m3
Ts/T = 1.075 Ts = 1.075 (288) = 310K
Ms = 1.835
(c) pc/p = 1.566 pc = 1.58 x 105 N/m2
c/ = 1.377 c = 1.69 kg/m3
Tc/T = 1.137 Tc = 327K
Mc = 1.707
66
Homework 12 (Continued)
Dcone
• Define CD cone  _
• Hint: You’ll have to do trial
And error for each mach number to get the
q  Abase Shock angle correct
• Derive an expression
for the cone wave drag
ck
sho
as a function of the
ne
co
cone surface pressure M>1 Abase
(pcone) and the base
pressure (pbase) pcone pbase
• Assume pbase = p
plot CDcone versus Mach over range from 1.5 to 7
67
11.2 Part 2 Solution
Dcone 1  pcone pbase 

CD cone     
_
  p p 
q  Abase M 2
2
68
Part 2 Solution (cont’d)
when pb = p, For c = 15
M CCDpcone
1.5 0.24
2.0 0.202
3.0 0.173
4.0 0.161
5.0 0.154
6.0 0.150
7.0 0.148
69
Part 2 Solution (concluded)
Cone Drag Coefficient versus Mach Number
70

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Section 11 Lecture 2: Analysis of Supersonic

• Flow Properties are constant along a ray from the vertex

• Look at shock wave

• Shock strength is the same at points 1 and 2

• At every point in flow field

• Axi-symmetric flow -- use spherical coordinates

2 Vr V 1  V  

• Continuity Equation for Axi-symmetric Conical Flow

• Crocco’s relationship solves both momentum and

… thus for conical flow all we need to satisfy is:

• Crocco Relation reduces to

• Crocco Relation reduces to (wow!)

• Flow is irrotational … Apply along stream line direction

• Steady Axi-symmetric conical flow

dP    V dV  Vr dVr 

• But from enthalpy equation

• Sub into Euler’s equation

d 2 V dV  Vr dVr  2 V dV  Vr dVr 

But from Crocco : • Substituting in

  dVr d 2Vr dVr  

• CLASSICAL FORM OF TAYLOR-MACCOLL EQUATION

• let • and the Taylor-Maccol

• System of first order ordinary differential equations

• Can be written in vector form as

• Given M … Start with assumed shock

Calculate M2 (immediately behind shock)

 r   cos  shock   shock 

Integrate the equations of motion over increments of 

• Look at small segment d for the integral

• The the integral is approximated by

• And “trapezoidal rule”

• Or we perform the same argument using “finite differences”

• Basic differencing scheme

b) Calculate M2 (immediately behind shock)

c) Calculate p2,T2 ratios (immediately behind shock)

c) Compute starting non-dimensional velocities

 r   cos  shock   shock 

3) Integration Loop, j=1,…N (cont’d)

d) Test for convergence

c) Calculate pcone,Tcone ratios (flow behind shock is isentropic)

• Cone shock wave is

• Flow is getting “Squeezed” ine

• Flow field is “rotational”

 hock wave angle s is different for

3) Stream lines about body are curved

4) From windward to leeward surface

5) Stream lines that pass thru different

• Ray along cone surface at 180∞

• Solution formulated as “corrections” to zero-asolution

Zero alpha condition

• Solution tables for right cones

Link to paper in appendix to this section

• Solve for flow conditions on surface of Cone

(b) ps/p = 1.286 ps = 1.286 (1.01 x 10 5) = 1.3 x 105 N/m2

s/ = 1.196 s = 1.196 (1.23) = 1.47 kg/m3

Ts/T = 1.075 Ts = 1.075 (288) = 310K

(c) pc/p = 1.566 pc = 1.58 x 105 N/m2

c/ = 1.377 c = 1.69 kg/m3

Tc/T = 1.137 Tc = 327K

Dcone 1  pcone pbase 

when pb = p, For c = 15

Cone Drag Coefficient versus Mach Number

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